c b a
Contents
Prologue
Welcome
help
You can nd more information about Ubuntu’s
online and system documentation in Chapter 8:
Learning More.
Ubuntu Philosophy
People sometimes wonder how to pronounce
Ubuntu. Each u is pronounced the same as in
the word put except for the last u which is
pronounced the same as in the word due.
The Ubuntu Promise
A brief history of Ubuntu
To learn more about Canonical, go to http://
www.canonical.com.
Debian is the Linux operating system that
Ubuntu is based upon. For more information
visit http://www.debian.org/.
For information on Ubuntu Server Edition,
and how you can use it in your company, visit
http://www.ubuntu.com/server.
What is Linux?
To learn more about Linux distributions, see
Chapter 8: Learning More.
Is Ubuntu right for you?
To learn more about dual-booting (running
Ubuntu side-by-side with another operating
system), see Chapter 1: Installation.
See Chapter 5: Software Management to learn
more about Ubuntu Software.
Contact details
About the team
Want to help?
Conventions used in this book
Monospaced type
1 Installation
Getting Ubuntu
Many companies (such as Dell and System76)
sell computers with Ubuntu preinstalled. If
you already have Ubuntu installed on your
computer, feel free to skip to Chapter 2: The
Ubuntu Desktop.
Minimum system requirements
Downloading Ubuntu
Download and Install / Try it from a DVD or USB stick
32-bit versus 64-bit
32-bit and 64-bit are types of processor
architectures. Most new desktop computers
have a 64-bit capable processor.
Downloading Ubuntu as a torrent
Torrents are a way of sharing les and informa-
tion around the Internet via peer-to-peer le
sharing. A le with the .torrent extension is
made available to users, which is then opened
with a compatible program such as uTorrent,
Deluge, or Transmission. These programs
download parts of the le from other people all
around the world.
Burning the DVD image
While the 64-bit version of Ubuntu is referred
to as the “AMD64” version, it will work on Intel,
AMD, and other compatible 64-bit processors.
Creating a bootable USB drive
Trying out Ubuntu
In some cases, your computer will not recognize
that the Ubuntu DVD or USB is present as it
starts up and will start your existing operating
system instead. To run Ubuntu from the Live
DVD or USB, we want the computer to look
for information from the Live DVD or USB
rst. Changing your boot priority is usually
handled by BIOS settings; this is beyond the
scope of this guide. If you need assistance with
changing the boot priority, see your computer
manufacturer’s documentation for more
information.
Figure 1.1: The “Welcome” screen allows you to
choose your language.
Alternatively, you can also use your mouse to
double-click the “Install Ubuntu 16.04” icon that
is visible on the desktop when using the Live
DVD. This will start the Ubuntu installer.
Enter
Installing Ubuntu—Getting started
Clicking on the underlined “release notes” link
will open a web page containing any important
information regarding the current version of
Ubuntu.
Figure 1.2: Preparing to install.
Internet connection
We recommend that you connect to the
Internet during install, although updates and
third-party software can be installed after
installation completes.
Figure 1.3: Set up wireless.
Allocate drive space
If you are installing on a new machine with no
operating system, you will not get the rst
option. The upgrade option is only available if
you are upgrading from a previous version of
Ubuntu.
Install alongside other operating systems.
Figure 1.4: Choose where you would like to
install Ubuntu.
Upgrade Ubuntu … to 16.04
Erase disk and install Ubuntu
Conrm Partition choices and start install
Where are you?
Figure 1.5: Tell Ubuntu your location.
Keyboard layout
Figure 1.6: Verify that your keyboard layout is
correct.
Who are you?
Figure 1.7: Setup your user account.
Login Options
Log in automatically
Require my password to login
Encrypt my home folder
Finishing Installation
Enter
Login Screen
Enter
Figure 1.8: Ubuntu community support options.
Where to get help for Ubuntu.
Figure 1.9: You are now ready to restart your
computer.
Figure 1.10: Login Screen.
2 The Ubuntu Desktop
Understanding the Ubuntu desktop
Figure 2.1: The Ubuntu 16.04 default desktop.
Unity
To read more about other variants of Ubuntu,
refer to Chapter 8: Learning More.
The desktop background
The menu bar
For more about:
the Messaging indicator see Using instant
messaging on page 59;
the Network indicator see Getting online on
page 39;
the Session indicator see Session options on
page 33.
Figure 2.2: The indicators of the menu bar.
Note that some older applications may still
display their menu within the application
window.
Figure 2.3: To show an application’s menu, just
move your mouse to the desktop’s menu bar (at
the top of the screen).
The Launcher
Figure 2.4: The Ubuntu Launcher on the left
with a sample of applications on it.
Ctrl Alt
Super+n
Running applications
Some also refer to an application in the
foreground as being in focus.
Figure 2.5: The triangles on each side of the
Firefox icon indicate Firefox is in the foreground
and only one window is associated with Firefox
at this time.
Adding and removing applications from the Launcher
The Dash
For more information about the Dash and its
lenses, see https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Unity.
Figure 2.6: The Dash.
Lenses
Search for les and applications with the Dash
Find les/folders
Find applications
The Ubuntu Software application and software
management will be discussed in detail at
Chapter 5: Software Management.
If you are new to the world of Ubuntu, be sure
to read Chapter 3: Working with Ubuntu. It
will provide you with assistance in choosing
application(s) to suit your needs.
music
Figure 2.7: You can see the default results when
you press the Applications lens.
External search results
Workspaces
Switching between workspaces
Figure 2.8: The workspace switcher on the
Launcher.
Super+s arrows
RET Return Enter
Managing windows
Closing, maximizing, restoring, and minimizing windows
Figure 2.9: This is the top bar of a window,
named title bar. The close, minimize, and
maximize buttons are in the top-left corner of
the window.
Moving and resizing windows
Alt
Switching between open windows
Alt+Tab
Alt Tab
Alt
Ctrl+Super+D
Moving a window to a dierent workspace
You can also use Shift+Control+Alt in
combination with the arrow keys to move a
window to a dierent workspace.
Window always on the top or on visible workspace
Unity’s keyboard shortcuts
Super Win
Figure 2.10: Common keyboard shortcuts as
displayed by Unity.
Browsing les on your computer
Your home directory
The terms “directory” and “folder ” are often
used interchangeably.
can be read by other users
Files le manager
The Files le manager window
Figure 2.11: Files le manager displaying your
home directory.
Figure 2.12: The toolbar of the Files application
while browsing the directory /var/log/apt/, with
the Search functionality activated.
Opening les
Creating new directories
Ctrl+Shift+N
Hidden les and directories
Ctrl+H
Copying and moving les and directories
Ctrl+X Ctrl+C
Ctrl+V
Ctrl
Alt
Using multiple tabs and multiple Files windows
Ctrl+N
Ctrl+T
Searching for les and folders on your computer
Search for les and folders quickly by pressing
Ctrl+F in Files and then typing what you want
to nd.
Search using the Dash
Search using Files le manager
Ctrl+F
Customizing your desktop
Figure 2.13: You can change most of your
system’s settings here.
Appearance
The Look tab
Figure 2.14: You can change the theme in the
Look tab of the “Appearance” window.
The Behavior tab
Accessibility
Figure 2.15: Universal Access allows you to
enable extra features to make it easier to use
your computer.
Screen reader (Orca)
ALT-Super-s
Session options
Logging out
Ctrl+Alt+Del
Suspending
Rebooting
Shutting down
Other options
Ctrl+Alt+L
Getting help
General Help
Figure 2.16: The built-in system help, accessible
via the keyboard shortcut F1, provides topic-
based help for Ubuntu.
Help F1
Online Help
Heads-Up Display help
Figure 2.17: The HUD (Heads-Up Display) shows
application-specic information and options
based on your general input.
Alt
Alt
add music
Down/Up Arrow
Enter
3 Working with Ubuntu
All the applications you need
Most of the applications listed in this section
can be installed via the Ubuntu Software
application, are open source, and are freely
available. Those followed by an asterisk (*) can
be downloaded directly from their respective
ocial websites.
Oce Suites
Email Applications
Web Browsers
PDF Readers
Multimedia Players
Music Players and Podcatchers
CD/DVD Burning
Photo Management
Graphics Editors
Instant Messaging
VoIP Applications
BitTorrent Clients
Getting online
NetworkManager
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.1: The network connection states: (a)
disconnected, (b) wired, and (c) wireless.
Figure 3.2: Here you can see the currently active
connection is “Wired connection 1.”
Establishing a wired connection
Automatic connections with DHCP
Figure 3.3: This window displays your IP address
and other connection information.
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique
number assigned to your machine so that your
router can identify you on the network. Think
of it like a phone number for your computer.
Having this unique address allows the router
to speak to your computer, and therefore
send/receive data.
Manual conguration with static address
Figure 3.4: In this window you can manually edit
a connection.
Wired
ifconfig
en
wl sl
ww
Wireless
Connecting to a wireless network for the rst time
Figure 3.5: Enter your wireless network
password.
Connecting to a saved wireless network
Connecting to a hidden wireless network
Disabling and enabling your wireless card
Changing an existing wireless network
Connecting to a mobile broadband network
Other connection methods
Browsing the web
Starting Firefox
firefox
Figure 3.6: The default Ubuntu home page for
the Firefox web browser.
Navigating web pages
Viewing your homepage
Alt+Home
Navigating to another page
URL stands for uniform resource locator, which
tells the computer how to nd something on
the Internet—such as a document, web page or
an email address. WWW stands for World Wide
Web, which means the web pages by which
most people interact with the Internet.
Figure 3.7: You can enter a web address or
search the Internet by typing in the location bar.
Ctrl+L
Enter
Selecting a link
Retracing your steps
To go backwards and forwards you can also use
Alt+Left and Alt+Right respectively.
Ctrl+Shift+H
Stopping and reloading
The Reload button is at the right end of the
Location Bar.
Esc
Ctrl+R
Opening new windows
Ctrl+N
Opening a link in a new window
Shift
Tabbed browsing
A new tab is independent of other tabs in the
same way that new windows are independent
of other windows. You can even mix-and-match
—for example, one window may contain tabs
for your emails, while another window has tabs
for your work.
Ctrl+Tab
Opening a new blank tab
Ctrl+T
Opening a link in its own tab
A tab always opens “in the background”—in
other words, the focus remains on the original
tab. The last method (Ctrl+Shift) is an
exception; it focuses the new tab immediately.
Ctrl
Ctrl+Shift
Closing a tab
Ctrl+W
Restoring a closed tab
Ctrl+Shift+T
Changing the tab order
Moving a tab between windows
Searching
Searching the web
Ctrl+K
Enter
Selecting search engines
Figure 3.8: These are the other search engines
you can use—by default—from the Firefox
search bar.
Searching the web for words selected in a web page
Searching within a page
Figure 3.9: You can search within web pages
using the Find Toolbar.
Ctrl+F
F3
Viewing web pages full screen
F11
F11
Copying and saving pages
Copying part of a page
Ctrl+C
Copying a link
Saving all or part of a page
Ctrl+S
Changing your home page
The home page can also be set by entering the
addresses that should be open in the Home
Page, with a pipe (“|”) separating pages to be
opened in separate tabs.
Figure 3.10: Change Firefox settings in this tab.
Download settings
The Downloads folder in the Library lists les
downloaded in the past. It can be used to open
or re-download les.
Bookmarks
Bookmarking a page
Ctrl+D
Navigating to a bookmarked page
View Sidebar Bookmarks
Ctrl+B close
Deleting or editing a bookmark
Shift+Ctrl+O
Delete
History
Ctrl+H
Shift+Ctrl+H
Clearing private data
Shift+Ctrl+Delete
Preventing Firefox from recording private data
Shift+Ctrl+P
Shift+Ctrl+W
Using a dierent web browser
Figure 3.11: The Default Applications where you
can change your preferred browser.
Reading and composing email
Introduction to Thunderbird
Setting up Thunderbird
thunderbird
Figure 3.12: Setting up Thunderbird
If Thunderbird fails to create the account,
you may need to congure it manually, using
the parameters that were sent to you by your
email address provider and your ISP. If you
are still unable to set up your account, you
can get help from community members at
http://ubuntuforums.org.
Around the Thunderbird workspace
Using your address book
Checking and reading messages
Remote content represent parts of an email
that may be hosted elsewhere. Remote content
might consist of video or audio, but most
often is graphics or HTML content. For security
purposes, Thunderbird will ask you if you wish
to view this remote content.
Composing Messages
If you do not include a subject in your email,
Thunderbird will warn you about this omission.
Attaching les
You can attach quite a few dierent le types
to emails, but be careful about the size of the
attachments! If they are too big, some email
systems will reject the email you are sending,
and your recipient will never receive it!
Replying to Messages
Using instant messaging
Terminal Enter
sudo apt install empathy Enter
Running Empathy for the rst time
Figure 3.13: This is the icon that Empathy
displays in the launcher.
Empathy Enter
Figure 3.14: You should see a window like this
the rst time you open Empathy.
Adding accounts
Be aware that when you Add or Remove
accounts using the Online Accounts manager
you will be adding or removing those accounts
to or from all the applications that they
integrate with, not just Empathy.
Figure 3.15: Add your existing chat accounts
for use in Empathy using the Online Accounts
manager.
Figure 3.16: You must enter your account
credentials and authorize Ubuntu to use your
account.
Communicating with contacts
Text
Figure 3.17: Chatting with friends in Empathy.
Enter
Audio and Video Calling
Figure 3.18: Right-clicking a contact exposes
many ways to communicate.
Sending and receiving les
Sending a le
Changing your status
Figure 3.19: Change your Empathy status
from the drop-down list at the top of the main
window.
Desktop Sharing
Changing account settings
Editing an account
Removing an account from Empathy
Editing contacts
Adding a contact
Removing a contact
Microblogging
sudo apt install corebird
Figure 3.20: Corebird is a modern GTK+ client
for Twitter
Figure 3.21: Choqok is a powerful microblog-
ging client for Twitter.com, Pump.io, and
OpenDesktop.org services.
sudo apt install choqok
Viewing and editing photos
Figure 3.22: Manage your photo collection,
enhance your photos while keeping the original,
and share your memories online using Shotwell
Photo Manager.
Importing Photos
Ctrl
Choosing where Shotwell Photo Manager saves photos
Pic-
tures
Viewing photos
F11
F5 Esc
Organizing photos
Editing images
Rotate
Crop
Red-eye reduction
Adjust
Auto-adjustment with Enhance
Reverting an edited photo to the original
Sharing your photos
Further information
Watching videos and movies
Figure 3.23: The “Videos” (commonly called
“Totem”) application plays videos as well as
music.
Codecs
DRM, or Digital Restrictions Management, is the
practice of imposing technological restrictions
that control what users can do with digital
media. When a program is designed to prevent
you from copying or sharing a song, reading an
ebook on another device, or playing a single-
player game without an Internet connection,
you are being restricted by DRM.
sudo apt install
Playing videos from le
Playing a DVD
Listening to audio and music
Starting Rhythmbox
Rhythmbox Music
Alt+F4 CTRL+W
Playing music
Figure 3.24: Rhythmbox Music Player
Figure 3.25: Rhythmbox controls as displayed
under the sound indicator. The applica-
tion is currently playing Hexenritt, from
Humperdinck’s opera Hänsel Und Gretel.
Ctrl+O
Ctrl+Space
Ctrl+Space
Ctrl+R Ctrl+U
Playing Audio CDs
Importing (“Ripping”) Audio CDs
Listening to streaming audio
Streaming audio stations are “radio stations”
that broadcast over the Internet. Some of these
are real radio stations that also stream over the
Internet, and others broadcast only over the
Internet.
You can browse a selected list of radio stations
at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_
Internet_stations or you can use your browser
to search for “Internet radio stations.”
Connect digital audio players
Figure 3.26: Rhythmbox connected to an
Android device
Listen to shared music
DAAP stands for “Digital Audio Access Proto-
col,” and is a method designed by Apple to let
software share media across a network.
Manage podcasts
Rhythmbox preferences
Plugins
Managing your music
Ctrl+N
F2
Audio codecs
Rhythmbox support
F1
Burning CDs and DVDs
Figure 3.27: Brasero burns music, video, data
DVDs and CDs.
Getting Started
At this current time, Brasero does not support
Blu-Ray.
Disc Copy Burn Image
Adding les to a project
Removing les
Saving a project
Burning the disc
Blanking a disk
Audio project
Data project
Video project
Disc copy
Disc image
.iso .img
Burn image
Working with documents, spreadsheets, and presentations
Working with documents
The LibreOce Word Processor is known as
LibreOce Writer. LibreOce Spreadsheet is
known as Calc, and LibreOce Presentation is
known as Impress.
LibreOffice Writer
Working with spreadsheets
LibreOffice Calc
Working with presentations
LibreOffice Impress
Getting more help
F1
4 Hardware
Using your devices
Hardware identication
sysinfo
Displays
Hardware drivers
Your graphics card is the component in your
computer which outputs to the display.
Whether you are watching videos on YouTube,
viewing DVDs, or simply enjoying the smooth
transition eects when you maximize/minimize
your windows, your graphics device is doing the
hard work behind the scenes.
lspci
Another useful resource is the ocial online
documentation (http://help.ubuntu.com), which
contains detailed information about various
graphics drivers and known problems. This
same documentation can be found by searching
for Help in the Dash search bar or by pressing
F1 on your keyboard.
Setting up your screen resolution
Displays are made up of thousands of tiny
pixels. Each pixel displays a dierent color,
and when combined they all display the image
that you see. The native screen resolution is a
measure of the amount of actual pixels on your
display.
Adding an extra display
Connecting and using your printer
Adding a local printer
If your printer can automatically do double
sided printing, it will probably have a duplexer.
Please refer to the instructions that came with
the printer if you are unsure. If you do have a
duplexer, make sure the Duplexer Installed
option is checked and then click the Forward
button.
Adding a network printer
The default printer is the one that is automat-
ically selected when you print a le. To set a
printer as default, right-click the printer that
you want to set as default and then click Set As
Default.
Changing printer options
Media size
Media source
Color Model
Media type
Print quality
Sound
Volume indicator and sound preferences
By default, the volume in Ubuntu is set to
maximum during installation.
If you change your sound output device, it will
remain as default.
A microphone is used for making audio/video
calls which are supported by applications like
Skype or Empathy. It can also be used for sound
recording.
You should note that by default in any Ubuntu
installation, the input sound for mic is either
very low or muted. You will have to manually
increase the volume or unmute the input to
enable your microphone to record sound or use
it during audio/video calls.
More functionality
You can start and control the default music
player, Rhythmbox, by simply left clicking on
the sound menu and selecting Rhythmbox from
the list. Clicking the play button also starts the
player.
Using a webcam
There are several applications which are useful
if you have a webcam. Cheese can capture
pictures with your webcam and VLC media
player can capture video from your webcam.
You can install these from the Ubuntu Software
application.
Scanning text and images
scan
.pdf
Troubleshooting your scanner
sudo /etc/init.d/saned restart
Keyboard and mouse
Keyboard
Figure 4.1: Keyboard applet menu.
Mouse and Touchpad
Multitouch and gesture support
Mouse and Touchpad
Other devices
USB
Firewire
Firewire is ocially known as IEEE 1394. It
is also known as the Sony i.LINK and Texas
Instruments Lynx.
To nd out more about Kino, visit http://www.
kinodv.org/.
Bluetooth
Figure 4.2: The Bluetooth applet menu.
When you pair two Bluetooth devices, you are
letting each device trust the other one. After
you pair two devices, they will automatically
connect to each other in the future without
requiring a PIN.
Android devices need to be paired at all times,
even while transferring les.
5 Software Management
Software management in Ubuntu
Package management system
Figure 5.1: Software Center icon
apt-get
apt-get
Using Software Center
In Ubuntu 16.04, Ubuntu Software Center is
replaced by GNOME Software which has been
renamed as Ubuntu Software. Ubuntu Software
Center can still be installed optionally via
Ubuntu Software.
Figure 5.2: You can install and remove appli-
cations from your computer using Ubuntu
Software.
Find your application
Figure 5.3: Searching for an application in
Ubuntu Software.
Installing software
Removing software
Figure 5.4: Here, clicking on “Install” will
download and install the package “Stellarium.”
Figure 5.5: Here, clicking on “Remove” will
remove the package “SuperTuxKart.”
Software Recommendations
Figure 5.6: Software Recommendations.
Managing additional software
Software Sources
Figure 5.7: The Software & Updates program
enables you to add, remove and manage
package repositories.
Managing the ocial repositories
Figure 5.8: Drivers can be installed or removed
via the Additional Drivers application.
Selecting the best software server
Figure 5.9: You can use automatic selection or
choose a server manually.
Adding more software repositories
Figure 5.10: This is an example of the Launch-
pad page for the Sublime Text PPA. Sublime
Text is an application that is not available in
the ocial Ubuntu repositories. However,
by adding this PPA to your list of software
sources, it will be easy to install and update
this application through the Ubuntu Software
application.
Manual software installation
.deb
Updates and upgrades
Figure 5.11: Installing .deb les manually using
Ubuntu Software.
Ubuntu updates
Figure 5.12: You can update installed software
by using the Software Updater application in
Ubuntu.
Developer Options
Automatic updates
Release upgrade
6 Advanced Topics
Ubuntu for advanced users
Introduction to the terminal
What is the terminal?
Why would I want to use the terminal?
Opening the terminal
Ctrl+Alt+T
pwd Enter
/home/yourusername
pwd
Figure 6.1: The default terminal window allows
you to run hundreds of useful commands.
Enter
-h --help
--help
cd
Ubuntu le system structure
Figure 6.2: Some of the most important
directories in the root le system.
/
/bin /sbin C:\Windows
/etc
/home
/home/yourusername C:\Users
C:\Documents and Settings
/lib .dll
/media
/root
/usr
C:\Program
Files
/var/log
/home/yourusername/Desktop
/
home/ home
yourusername/ home you-
rusername
Desktop yourusername
Desktop
/
Ctrl+H
ls -a Enter
/home/yourusername/.thunderbird
Mounting and unmounting removable devices
Securing Ubuntu
Why Ubuntu is safe
Basic security concepts
Permissions
Passwords
Locking the screen
Ctrl+Alt+L
Users and groups
User accounts
Figure 6.3: Add, remove and change the user
accounts.
Managing users
New password Conrm password
Conrm password
Managing groups
sudo addgroup groupname
Enter
sudo addgroup ubuntuusers
sudo
adduser username groupname sudo deluser username
groupname Enter
sudo delgroup groupname
Enter
Applying groups to les and folders
Using the command line
System updates
Trusting third party sources
Firewall
Encryption
Home folder
Private folder
Private
ecryptfs-utils
sudo apt install ecryptfs-utils
ecryptfs-setup-private
Private
Running Windows Programs on Ubuntu
What is Wine?
Installing Wine
sudo apt remove --purge wine1.* winetricks && sudo
apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ubuntu-
wine/ppa
sudo apt
update
sudo apt
install -y wine1.8 winetricks
Figure 6.4: The Terminal showing the installa-
tion of the Wine PPA.
Figure 6.5: The Microsoft Core Fonts EULA
dialog opened in the Terminal.
Tab Enter
Tab Enter
Figure 6.6: The Microsoft Core Fonts EULA
dialog opened in the Terminal.
Conguring Wine
Configure Wine
Figure 6.7: The Wine conguration open to the
Application Tab.
/home/user/Pictures/
C:\Documents and Set-
tings\User\My Documents\My Pictures\ C:\Users\User\My Pictures\
C:
C:
/
Microsoft .NET Framework and Wine
* This framework has known issues running
under Wine and is, in most cases, installable and
stable enough to use for most applications.
** This framework has not been tested using a
current version of Wine running on Ubuntu, so it
is unknown if it will be compatible or not. Use at
your own risk.
7 Troubleshooting
Resolving problems
Troubleshooting guide
Ubuntu fails to start after I’ve installed Windows
A bootloader is the initial software that loads
the operating system when the computer is
powered up.
Terminal
Ctrl+Alt+T
Enter
$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/hda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 1224 64228+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 * 1225 2440 9767520 a5 Windows
/dev/sda3 2441 14593 97618972+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda4 14532 14593 498015 82 Linux swap
Partition table entries are not in disk order
The device (/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, etc.) we
are looking for is identied by the word “Linux”
in the System column. Modify the instructions
below if necessary, replacing /dev/sda1 with
the name of your Linux device.
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda2
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/root
$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/root
$ ls /mnt/root
bin dev home lib mnt root srv usr
boot etc initrd lib64 opt sbin sys var
cdrom initrd.img media proc selinux tmp vmlinuz
$ sudo grub-install --root-directory=/mnt/root /dev/sda
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script grub-install.
(hd0) /dev/sda
$ sudo umount /mnt/root
I forgot my password
Shift
Enter
Figure 7.1: This is the grub screen in which you
can choose recovery mode.
root@ubuntu:~#
# passwd username
Enter Enter
# init 2
I accidentally deleted some les that I need
Ctrl
How do I clean Ubuntu?
clean autoclean
apt-get
clean The clean command will remove every
single cached item, while the autoclean
command only removes cached items that can
no longer be downloaded (these items are
often unnecessary).
$ sudo apt-get clean
apt-get autoremove
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
I can’t play certain audio or video les
How can I change my screen resolution?
Figure 7.2: You can change your display
settings.
Figure 7.3: You can revert back to your old
settings if you need to.
Ubuntu is not working properly on my Apple MacBook or MacBook Pro
Ubuntu is not working properly on my Asus EeePC
$ gksudo gedit /etc/default/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash acpi_osi=Linux"
$ sudo update-grub
Fn
My hardware is not working properly
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