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WHY'YOU'SHOULD'GET'SERIOUS'ABOUT'YOUR'WRITING''
'
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The!impact!of!
your!research!is!
limited!by!your!
ability!to!
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communicate!
the!findings!and!
implications!of!
the!work.”!
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THE'CONTENT'OF'A'SCIENTIFIC'MANUSCRIPT'
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1.!When!Writing:!Improve!Your!Research!Question.!!
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Be!Consistent!with!Terminology!
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Getting!the!Most!From!Feedback!
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References'
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clinical!practice!:!ECP.!(,@\8<#!FHHHnfYa[UFaF \Fao)!
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Figures'and'Tables'
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Figure'1.!S-&!S-%&&!45;&9!5=!,#!"+96%,36!"3%599!6-&!(,#<93%.O6!S./&;.#&!
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Figure'2.!S-&!S-%&&!?,%,C%,O-9!5=!,#!W==&36.A&!*#6%5$<36.5#!
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