ROCKY MOUNTAIN
NATIONAL PARK
Employee Safety
Handbook
GAR Model
See pages 14-19 for d
irection
GAR Evaluation Scale
SUPERVISION
PLANNING
CONTINGENCY
RESOURCES
COMMUNICATION
TEAM SELECTION
TEAM FITNESS
ENVIRONMENT
INCIDENT
COMPLEXITY
TOTAL
Risk is rated 1-10 in each category. Mitigations
should be considered for any category rated higher
than 5 or if the total is in amber. Work stops if the
total is in the red.
1 – 35
Green
36 – 60
Amber
61 – 80
Red
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Superintendent’s Safety Message ......................................... 1
SAFETY ADMINISTRATION.......................................... 3
RMNP Safety Policy ............................................................. 3
Executive Safety Committee ................................................. 4
Employee Safety Team ......................................................... 5
Accident Notification & Reporting Requirements ................ 7
Employee Notification & Reporting Requirements .............. 9
Supervisor Notification & Reporting Requirements ........... 10
Division Chief Notification & Reporting Requirements
............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Near Miss Reporting Form ................................................. 11
Safety Issue Form ............................................................... 13
OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP .................................... 14
Operational Risk Management Tools .................................. 15
Calculating Risk ................................................................. 16
SAFETY COMMUNICATIONS ..................................... 20
Emergency Numbers .......................................................... 20
Other Important Park Numbers ........................................... 20
Basic Radio Operating Procedures ........................................ 21
Channel.............................................................................. 21
Radio to Radio Direct ......................................................... 21
Radio Communications Phonetic Alphabet......................... 24
Emergency Incident / Report Taking ..................................... 24
Backcountry Travel & Tracking ......................................... 28
OSHA MANDATED PROGRAMS ................................. 32
Job Hazard Analysis (JHAs) ............................................... 32
Hazard Communication Program ........................................ 36
First Aid/ CPR .................................................................... 38
Bloodborne Pathogens ........................................................ 39
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ................................. 41
Trenching & Excavation ..................................................... 43
Ladders & Scaffolding ........................................................ 46
Fall Protection & Safe Work Practices ............................... 48
Chainsaw Operation ............................................................ 49
Fire Prevention & Flammable Liquid Storage .................... 49
iii
FIELD SAFETY INFORMATION ................................. 51
Mountain Weather .............................................................. 51
High Altitude ...................................................................... 51
Sun Exposure ...................................................................... 51
Cold Weather Injuries ......................................................... 51
Wildlife Encounters ............................................................ 52
Streams, Lakes and Waterfalls ............................................ 53
Hazard Trees ....................................................................... 54
Lightning ............................................................................ 54
Snow / Avalanche / Ice Hazards ......................................... 55
Poisonous Plants ................................................................. 57
Poisonous Insects ................................................................ 57
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever .......................................... 57
West Nile Virus .................................................................. 58
Hantavirus .......................................................................... 58
Ergonomics & Materials Handling ..................................... 58
Slips / Trips / Falls .............................................................. 60
Flagging & Traffic Control ................................................. 62
Stock Use ............................................................................ 63
Situational Awareness & Personal Safety ........................... 64
Wellness ............................................................................. 66
MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ......................................... 68
Pre-Inspection and Preventive Maintenance Activities ....... 68
Driving Safely and Defensively .......................................... 69
Adverse Weather Conditions & Road Hazards ................... 70
Special Equipment Considerations ..................................... 72
SAFETY INFORMATION SOURCES........................... 73
Safety and Environment Intranet Site ................................. 73
Safety Training Resources .................................................. 74
Safety Bulletin Boards ........................................................ 74
2
Version 5/2011
1
SUPERINTENDENT’S SAFETY MESSAGE
Safety is a state of mind. If we truly think safety in
everything we do, we minimize and control the risks that
we and others are exposed to as we go about our jobs. A
Forest Service colleague said, “Our job is not done until
we get home safely.” That struck a chord, as it says we’re
not just concerned about safety in the office or at the
work site, but also with how you arrive in the morning
and go home in the evening.
Routine tasks may be our biggest challenge in terms of
safety. When facing something that is non-routine, we
often include safety as a primary concern so that it is
front and center in our planning. However, as we go
about our daily routine we don’t as often pause to analyze
risks and then mitigate them. Thinking safety in
everything we do will take a cultural shift in our busy
work days.
A few years ago, we adopted the following safety policy
for the park—
In RMNP we believe:
• A
ll
people are important.
• There is nothing that we do that is so important or
urgent to justify unsafe decisions or actions.
• Everyone is responsible for safety.
• People should go home each day without injury or
illness.
• Achieving zero injuries/illnesses is the only
acceptable goal.
Therefore:
2
• We will make safety a part of all activities.
• We all share accountability and responsibility for
safety.
• Appropriate safety training and a safe work
environment will be provided.
• Safe performance is required in all that we do.
• Safety problems will be addressed promptly.
Before any of us undertakes an activity, we should ask
“What’s Going to Get Me Hurt?”-- Then take the time to
eliminate or manage the hazards, or stop the activity until
it can be done safely.
One final thought for each of you -- taking risks where
your personal safety is concerned is not expected, is not
encouraged, and is not an acceptable means to
accomplish a task quicker or cheaper. There is nothing
that we do that is so important or urgent to justify unsafe
decisions or actions.
Please be safe out there.
Vaughn Baker
Superintendent
3
SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK
SAFETY POLICY
In Rocky Mountain National Park we believe:
• All people are important.
• There is nothing that we do that is so important or urgent
to justify unsafe decisions or actions.
• Everyone is responsible for safety.
• People should go home each day without injury or illness.
• Achieving zero injuries/illnesses is the only acceptable
goal.
Therefore:
• We will make safety a part of all activities.
• We all share accountability and responsibility for safety:
• Appropriate safety training and a safe work environment
will be provided.
• Safe performance is required in all that we do.
• Safety problems will be addressed promptly.
4
EXECUTIVE SAFETY COMMITTEE
Excerp
ts from the Executive Safety Committee Charter:
We bel
ieve our employees, volunteers, concessionaires and
contractors have a right to safe working environments. We
believe that every job can be done safely. The overall
objective of the committee is to ensure that a culture of safety
is central to our work and lives and is a part of all park
operations and levels. We accept nothing less than
continuously improving superior performance in safety and
health.
The primary mission of the Executive Safety committee
(ESC ) is to provide leadership and strategic direction to
reduce incident rates and costs; to improve employee safety
performance at all levels of the organization; and to establish
goals and standards for management systems that prevent
employee injuries and illness, and reduce their associated
costs.
The primary functions of the ESC include:
• Devel
op s
trategic safety objectives
• Develop action plan to reach strategic objectives
• Evaluate park safety policies and procedures to drive
continuous improvement
• Review all lost time/damage incidents monthly
• Review park safety program events and actions monthly
• Review safety suggestions and concerns monthly
The Executive Safety Committee consists of the following
members: the Superintendent as chair, the Deputy
Superintendent, the five Division Chiefs and the Safety
Officer. The committee will meet on a monthly basis, insofar
as possible and practical.
5
EMPLOYEE SAFETY TEAM
Excerp
ts from the Employee Safety Team Charter:
Employee Safety Team Purpose
:
Improve Rocky Mountain National Park’s safety culture:
• Provi
de an additional avenue for line employees and
supervisors to bring forth safety concerns that cannot be
resolved in or extend beyond their operational unit.
• Analyze and evaluate, and then make recommendations to
the Executive Safety Committee for management policies,
guidelines, tools, processes, and resources to resolve
safety concerns.
• Review accidents/near misses that occurred in the
previous month to identify and address possible trends,
evaluate the cause of the accident/near miss, and identify
what follow-up was taken to avoid future accident/near
misses. Team members will communicate accident review
findings to their Divisions and operational units.
• Assist the Executive Safety Committee in addressing and
resolving specific topics.
• Develop, implement, or review safety-related programs,
processes, or training.
• Contact and enlist the assistance of supervisors and the
Executive Safety Team in implementing and completing
projects, programs, and processes.
Employee Safety Team Structure and Responsibilities
:
The Employee Safety Team will consist of t
he following
members:
• Super
intendent’s Office Advisor: Deputy Superintendent
• Management Team Representative
6
• Advisor: Safety and Occupational Health Specialist, with
the assistance of the Team Leader, will present the
Employee Safety Team’s progress, recommendations, and
findings to the Executive Safety Committee.
• Team Leader: Selected by team members whose
responsibilities include:
o Preparation and distribution of a reminder meeting
notice with an agenda to Team members a minimum of
three working days prior to the monthly meeting.
o Act as the facilitator for the Team meeting and related
follow-up.
o Oversee preparation of Team reports and presentations,
and work closely with the Advisor.
o Be the contact point for the Employee Safety Team.
o Within two weeks after a meeting, the Team Leader,
with assistance from the Safety and Occupational
Health Specialist, will finalize and distribute to all
employees the Employee Safety Team meeting
minutes.
• Secretary: Selected by team members to take minutes
during the meeting and provide an electronic draft of the
minutes to the Team Leader and Advisor within one week
of the Team meeting.
• Team members consisting of employees who represent a
cross-section of the employees and Divisions in the park,
subject to the Deputy Superintendent’s approval. Division
Chiefs and supervisors will release Team members from
their employee responsibilities, as required, to participate
in Employee Safety Team meetings and activities.
Members can send a substitute to the meetings, when
necessary. The substitute should be briefed by the member
on the upcoming agenda items to prepare them to
participate in discussions and recommendations.
7
• Members are responsible for communicating Employee
Safety Team information to their Division in a timely
manner. Members are encouraged to serve a minimum of
one year to promote continuity or until certain pre-
determined goals have been implemented. During each
summer, seasonal employee(s) will be included on the
Team.
• Short-Term Sub-Teams may be formed to assist the
Team in addressing and resolving specific topics. One
person in the sub-team will be selected to coordinate sub-
team meetings times, present sub-team findings to the
Team, and to submit a written report to the Team Leader.
• All employees, with permission from their supervisor, are
welcome to attend the Employee Safety Team meetings.
ACCIDENT NOTIFICATION & REPORTING
R
EQUIREMENTS
Al
l accidents require notification, investigation, and
documentation in accordance with the Rocky Mountain
National Park’s Office Order #17. This document is located
on the ROMO Intranet. Select Divisions/Safety &
Environment, and open the Accident Investigation &
Reporting site. From here you can also access the Safety
Management Information System (SMIS) website, the
ROMO Accident Review Board Findings template, and
additional information.
Employees must report near-miss incidents to a supervisor as
soon as possible, but in no case later than the end of the work
shift. Reports can be oral or written and are for all job-related
accidents or near-miss incidents they witness or in which
they are involved. Supervisors must personally investigate all
incidents and near misses of employees, volunteers, and other
8
Federal, state and local stakeholders working on ands under
NPS jurisdiction. Supervisors must identify and implement
corrective actions to prevent recurrence. These requirements
are in accordance with NPS Director’s Order 50b:
Occupational Safety and Health Program.
If you have any questions, please contact your Human
Resources Compensation Specialist and/or the Safety Office.
9
Employee Notification & Reporting Requirements
Incident
Outcome
Notify
Supervisor
Immediately
File
CA1/CA2
Obtain CA16
Loss of
Consciousness
X
X
X
DART,
Days Away
X
X
X
DART,
Restriction/ Job
Transfer
X
X
X
Remained @ Work,
Medical Treatment
Beyond First Aid
X
X
X
Needle Stick/ Cut
Contaminated w/
Blood
X
X
X
First Aid w/ Cost
X
X
X
First Aid w/o Cost
X
Medical Attention
Could Be Required
in Future
X
X
Motor Vehicle
Accident (MVA)
X
Structural Fire
X
Property Damage
X
10
Supervisor Notification & Reporting Requirements
Incident Outcome
Notify Div
ision
Chief
Notify Safety
Office
Complete CA1/ CA2
ASAP
SMIS Report
Death/ Heart
Attack
I
I
Recordable
Injury
48
Hrs
48
Hrs
X
6 Days
DART,
Days Away
I
I
X
6 Days
DART,
Remained @
Work,
Restriction/ Job
Transfer
I
I
X
6 Days
Remained @
Work, Medical
Treatment
Beyond First Aid
48
Hrs
48
Hrs
X
6 Days
Minor
Incident/Accident
48
Hrs
48
Hrs
6 Days
Significant
Property Damage
I
I
6 Days
Serious Accident
I
I
X
6 Days
I – Immediately
11
Rocky Mountain National Park Near Miss
Reporting Form
A near miss is an unplanned/undesirable event which
could have resulted in injury, illness, or property
damage, but didn’t. These close calls or lucky escapes
are messages of potential danger. Remember, we are
our coworkers’ keepers. It is important to report near-
miss incidents witnessed or in which you are involved to
your supervisor as soon as possible, at least by the end
of your work shift. Remember, someone could benefit
from learning from this event. If it was a near miss for
you, it could be an injury for someone else.
Please complete this Near Miss Form to
share what you have learned with others.
Employee Name
Division/Position Title
Date of Incident
Time of Incident
Location of Incident including details of terrain.
Routing/Date
Supervisor
Exec Safety Comm
Division Chief
Safety Officer
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What happened? Describe in full, including the
protocol/procedures followed (all tools, substances,
equipment and machinery used and related to the
incident). If helpful to clarify, sketch what happened on
the back of this form.
Why did it happen? Describe all factors, including
weather, conditions or practices that directly led to this
incident.
What type of injury could have occurred from this
incident?
How can we prevent this from happening again?
13
SAFETY ISSUE FORM
The Safety Issue Form has been developed to allow staff to
voice their concerns about a safety issue that they feel is not
being addressed. This form has five questions asking more
about the safety issue and what actions have been taken to
address the problem. The forms can be anonymous and
should be sent to the Deputy Superintendent. No partially
completed forms will be accepted. Hard copies of this form
are available on all Safety Bulletin Boards, and an electronic
version can be found on the “Safety and Environment”
Intranet site located under "Divisions".
14
OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Operational Leadership (OL) is an employee-centered
approach to managing risk and achieving professional
excellence at every level of the organization. Desired results
of the National Park Service OL program include:
• Improve capacity to lead and make decisions in a
dynamic environment
• Significantly reduce accident, injury and fatality rates.
• Improve morale, productivity, and employee wellness.
• Stimulate teamwork.
In Rocky Mountain National Park, the sixteen hour Basic OL
course is required for all supervisors and work leaders and
highly recommended for all employees.
15
Operational Risk Management Tools
Commonly used Operational Risk Management Tools
include:
Red
(High Risk)
80
AMBER
(Caution)
60
GREEN
(Low Risk)
35
0
Possibly Acceptable
Possibly Acceptable
S light
S light
1
1
-
-
19
19
Attention Needed
Attention Needed
Po s s ible
Po s s ible
20
20
-
-
39
39
Correction Required
Correction Required
S ub s ta ntia l
S ub s ta ntia l
40
40
-
-
59
59
Immediate Correction
Immediate Correction
Hig h
Hig h
60
60
-
-
79
79
Disc o ntinue, Sto p
Disc o ntinue, Sto p
Ve ry Hig h
Ve ry Hig h
80
80
-
-
100
100
Ac tio n
Ac tio n
Risk Level
Risk Level
Value s
Value s
Risk = Severity X Probability X
Risk = Severity X Probability X
Exposure
Exposure
16
GAR Evaluation Scale
SUPERVISION
PLANNING
CONTINGENCY
RESOURCES
COMMUNICATION
TEAM SELECTION
TEAM FITNESS
ENVIRONMENT
INCIDENT
COMPLEXITY
TOTAL
Calculating Risk
To c
ompute the total level of risk for the eight elements,
assign a risk code of 0 (For No Risk) through 10 (For
Maximum Risk) to each element. This is your personal
estimate of the risk. Add the risk scores to come up with a
total risk score.
The mission/incident risk can be visualized using the colors
of a traffic light. If the total falls in the green zone, risk is at a
minimum. If the total falls in the amber zone, risk is
moderate and you should consider adopting procedures to
minimize risk. IF THE TOTAL FALLS IN THE RED
ZONE, YOU NEED TO IMPLEMENT MEASURES TO
REDUCE THE RISK PRIOR TO STARTING THE
EVENT/EVOLUTION.
17
TEAM DISCUSSION TO UNDERSTAND THE RISKS
AND HOW THEY WILL BE MANAGED IS WHAT IS
IMPORTANT; NOT THE ABILITY TO ASSIGN
NUMERICAL VALUES OR COLORS TO RISK
ELEMENTS.
Supervision Supervisory Control should consider if
supervision is present, how qualified the
supervisor is, and is supervision taking
place. Even if a team member is qualified to
perform a task, supervision acts as a control
to further minimize risk. The higher the risk,
the more the supervisor needs to be focused
on observing and checking. A supervisor
who is actively involved in a task (doing
something), can be easily distracted and
should not be considered an effective safety
observer in moderate to high risk situations.
Planning Planning and preparation should consider
how much information you have, how clear
it is, how much time you have to plan the
evolution or evaluate the situation, and the
presence of Standard Operating Procedures
or Pre-Plans.
Contingency
Resources Contingency Resources refer to readily
available trained assets, and whether there is
an established agreement and SOP with the
cooperating agency (i.e. local law
enforcement agencies, fire departments,
ambulance, military units, etc.).
18
Communication Communication should include physical
(dispatch present, effective repeaters)
communication and an assessment of
personal communication among team
members (assertiveness, climate that values
input, high degree of accountability) and the
presence of briefs and debriefs.
Team Selection Team Selection should consider the
qualifications and experience level of the
individuals used for the specific
event/evolution/incident. Individuals may
need to be replaced during the incident. The
same concerns apply to the reliefs.
Team Fitness Team Fitness should consider the physical
and mental state of the team. This is a
function of the amount and quality of rest a
team member has had. Quality of rest should
consider potential sleep length, and any
interruptions. Fatigue normally becomes a
factor after 18 hours without rest; however,
lack of quality sleep builds a deficit that
worsens the affects of fatigue.
Environment Environment should consider factors
affecting personnel performance and factors
affecting the performance of personnel and
equipment. This includes, but is not limited
to, time of day, temperature, humidity,
precipitation, wind, terrain, and elevation.
Event/Evolution
Complexity Event/Evolution complexity should consider
both the required time and the situation. The
longer exposed to a hazard, the greater the
19
risks. The situation includes considering
how long the environmental conditions will
remain stable and the complexity of the
work.
The GAR model can address more general risk concerns,
which involve planning operations, or reassessing risks as
we reach milestones within our plans.
20
SAFETY COMMUNICATIONS
EMERGENCY NUMBERS
911 or EXTENSION 1203 (970-586-1203)
Park Dispatch (Non-emergency) 970-586-1204
MEDICAL SERVICES:
Estes Park
Estes Park Medical Center: 970-586-2317
Family Medical Clinic: 970-586-2200
Salud Family Health Center: 970-586-9230
Timberline Medical Clinic: 970-586-2343
Granby
Granby Medical Center: 970-887-2117
Timberline Family Practice/Medical Clinic: 970-887-1216
OTHER I
MPORTANT PARK NUMBERS
Information Office: 970-586-1206
Recorded Employee Information Line:
(bad weather, road conditions, etc.): 970-586-1247
TTY for hearing impaired: 970-586-1319
Employees are encouraged to provide family members
with immediate supervisor’s name and direct telephone
extension numbers, to reduce routine calls being routed
through the switchboard in Park Dispatch.
21
BASIC RADIO OPERATING PROCEDURES
The Park uses a basic VHF radio repeater system. A repeater
system allows radio waves to cover a larger area for long-range
communications.
ROMO Radio List
Channel
Area
Action
Use
E1 Direct
East
Side
Radio to Radio
Direct
1-5 Miles
E2 Twin
East
Side
Radio to Twin
Sisters
East Side Long
Distance
Communications
E3 Tundr
East &
West
Radio to AVC
Repeater
Trail Ridge
Above Treeline
W4 Dirct
West
Side
Radio to Radio
Direct
1-5 Miles
W5 Red
West
Side
Radio to Red
Mtn Repeater
West Side Long
Distance
Communications
W6 Shdo
West
Side
Radio to
Shadow Mtn
Repeater
West Side Long
Distance
Communications
M7 Dirct
East &
West
Maintenance
Division
Radio to Radio
Direct
M8 Prosp
East
Side
Radio to
Prospect Mtn
Repeater
Maintenance
Division Long
Distance Comm
F9 Dirct
East &
West
Radio to Radio
Direct
Fire and
Resource Radio
to Radio Direct
F10 Twin
East
Side
Radio to Twin
Sisters Fire
Repeater
Fire and
Resource Long
Distance Comm
22
Channel
Area
Action
Use
Ch11
Work
East &
West
Radio to Radio
Direct
ROMO Work
Channel
Ch12
Law
East &
West
Radio to Radio
Direct LE
Rangers Only
NPS Law Work
Channel
E13
Meadow
Southeast
Radio to
Meadow Mtn
Repeater
Long Distance
Comm in Wild
Basin area
E14
Hagues
East &
Northwest
Radio to
Hagues Peak
Repeater
Long Distance
Comm in North
Fork & Hagues
Creek areas
Note: East Side or West Side personnel wanting to
communicate with the other side of the park or a different work
unit will need to switch to the appropriate channel. Park
personnel are generally assigned radio call numbers to use
instead of their last name. In some cases, a work group will use
a supervisor’s radio call number with their own last name when
contacting Park Dispatch. Use of last names is recommended
only for major incidents utilizing the Incident Command
System. The call sign for Dispatch is “ROMO.” To call up a
station, first identify the station being called using their radio
call number, and then identify yourself (your radio call number).
Be sure to press the transmit button on the radio before
speaking.
Example:
"ROMO - 231" (this is 231 calling ROMO)
"231 - ROMO" (this is ROMO answering 231)
23
Upon completion of radio communication, sign off with your
radio call number. Base stations sign off with their assigned
base station call sign.
Use "Clear Speech" language on the radio. Clear speech is
common language using short, concise words and phrases to
convey the proper message. Do not use obscene language,
slang, CB jargon or 10 codes. Plan your message and think
before transmitting to avoid rambling and too much detail.
Long transmissions should be broken at intervals to allow any
emergency radio traffic to break in. Speak clearly in a normal
tone of voice. It is not necessary to yell into the microphone.
At times when Dispatch sounds an alert tone and requests
"Emergency Radio Traffic Only" or “Priority Radio Traffic
Only,” radio communications then should be limited until the
emergency is over and announced that “Emergency Radio or
Priority Radio Traffic has been lifted.”
Radio equipment is expensive and delicate. It should be treated
with respect and care; avoid rough handling, dropping, or
exposure to heat or moisture. If the radio becomes immersed in
water, do not transmit. Bring it in to the Radio Shop
immediately.
Dispatch airs a morning report daily between 0915-0930 with
important announcements, road conditions, campground status,
fire danger, weather forecasts, etc.
Remember that all radio and telephone communications are
recorded in the Communications Center and there are many
radios and scanners throughout the area and surrounding
communities. Always be professional on the air.
24
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS PHONETIC ALPHABET
A – ALPHA
B – BRAVO
C – CHARLIE
D – DELTA
E – ECHO
F – FOXTROT
G – GOLF
H – HOTEL
I – INDIA
J – JULIET
K – KILO
L – LIMA
M – MIKE
N – NOVEMBER
O – OSCAR
P – PAPA
Q - QUEBEC
R – ROMEO
S – SIERRA
T – TANGO
U – UNIFORM
V – VICTOR
W – WHISKEY
X – X-RAY
Y – YANKEE
Z – ZULU
EMERGENCY INCIDENT / REPORT TAKING
As a uniformed OR non-uniformed park employee, you will
undoubtedly be contacted at sometime by a visitor wishing to
report an emergency or some other incident. The type of
information you gather from the reporting party (RP) and the
speed and efficiency with which you gather and disseminate the
information to park Dispatch, could mean the difference
between life and death, or whether or not law enforcement
rangers are able to locate and contact park violators.
25
Below are some basic guidelines for obtaining information from
a reporting party. If you don't remember anything else from
this list, remember and do #1:
1) Keep the Reporting Party With You
Often the report of an emergency or incident is received
by Dispatch with insufficient information about the
occurrence, and the employee taking the report has
allowed the reporting party (RP) to leave. By keeping the
RP with you, any additional information can be obtained
from the source itself. If you allow the RP to leave, you
may find yourself in the embarrassing situation of having
to tell Dispatch that you don't know the description of a
vehicle or what type of injuries have been sustained, etc.
If the reporting party refuses to stay, try to obtain the re-
contact information described below. If the reporting
party refuses to stay AND refuses to provide you with re-
contact information, try to note the vehicle description
(license plate and state, make, model, and color) and the
direction the vehicle is traveling. If no vehicle is involved
(i.e. the RP is in the backcountry) get as good a physical
description as you can, and their direction of travel or
intended destination (backcountry site, peak or lake, etc.)
Notify Dispatch immediately of this refusal so that law
enforcement rangers may attempt to locate and detain the
RP, if necessary.
26
2) Obtain Initial Information from Reporting Party:
a) WHERE (most critical piece of information) – get
as accurate a location as possible where the incident
is occurring, use maps, try to get specifics on the
location, direction of travel if moving, or planned
route.
b) What – is the nature of the problem, what is
happening
c) Who – is involved
i) number of persons involved
ii) age, sex, general physical description
iii) last known medical condition/loss of
consciousness?
iv) mental attitude (lost or injured in backcountry)
v) last known direction of travel
vi) training, experience, equipment, trip plans
d) When – did this occur
e) Injuries – what are the injuries
f) Hazards – are there any hazards for responding rangers
– weapons, alcohol, drugs, fire, snow, lightning, etc.
g) Vehicle Description
i) License plate (state and number)
ii) Make, model, color (Chevy, pickup, blue)
iii) Last known direction of travel
h) Assistance Rendered/Requested
i) Is the involved party requesting assistance?
ii) Is someone on scene helping already?
iii) If so, what are they doing?
27
i) Reporting Party Re-contact Information
iv) (Let RP write this down while you notify
Dispatch.)
v) Name
vi) Local address and phone number (Timber
Creek Campground site number__, Estes Park
Holiday Inn?, Estes Park KOA?, etc.) and how long
they may be reached at this location.
vii) Permanent address and phone number
viii) RP vehicle description in "g" above (in case
they must be re-contacted while traveling through
the park)
3. Notify Dispatch
Obviously, not all of this information will be needed for
every incident report, but since you can't be sure what
information may be necessary for an efficient and
effective response - keep the reporting party with you
until you can find out! Don't spend a long time getting
every minute detail about the incident from the reporting
party before notifying Dispatch, as this could result in an
unnecessarily delayed response.
Incident reports will vary depending on the type and
location of the incident, the reporting party, and the
employee taking the information, however, all reports
require some basic facts. Just remember that the only link
you have with the emergency or other incident is the
person reporting it. Keep the reporting party with you
until all necessary information has been obtained!
28
Backcountry Travel & Tracking
In Memory of Those Gone Before in the Line of Duty
T
his section is dedicated to the memory of Ranger Jeff
Christensen, who lost his life on July 29, 2005, while
patrolling the backcountry of Rocky Mountain National Park.
His sacrifice will never be forgotten.
Jeffrey Alan Christensen
1974 – 2005
Why do we track backcountry travel?
• By agency policy, employees and volunteers who are
involved in backcountry travel and patrol operations are
required to be tracked and monitored, which promotes
safe work practices and procedures that will enhance
employee and visitor safety in the park backcountry.
29
When does backcountry tracking apply to me?
• When an employee travelling solo or a group of
employees intends to travel one mile or further up a
trail or one mile beyond park developed areas.
• Employees travelling solo are required to check in and out
of the backcountry with park dispatch.
• Groups (defined as 2 or more employees) may track
themselves, however, a group leader must be designated
on the travel plan, and he/she is then responsible for
ensuring that all members of the group are accounted for
and clear of the backcountry at the end of the trip.
Who is required to file a backcountry travel plan?
• All on-duty park employees and volunteers, when their
backcountry travel takes them one mile or more from a
trailhead. Off-duty employees are exempt from filing a
plan, however, it’s always good practice to file a personal
trip plan with family or friends just the same.
• Both solo travelers and groups are required to file a
backcountry travel plan, and they must immediately
report any deviations to that plan to Park Dispatch during
their travel.
How do I file a plan?
• By completing a Backcountry Travel Plan form
(ROMO-7), available on the Park Intranet, either by hand
or electronically, and forwarding it to Park Dispatch at
least one day prior to your expected travel date.
Resource Stewardship Division employees are also
required to obtain a supervisor’s written approval prior to
submitting the form.
30
When and how do I close out a plan?
• Group leaders are responsible for closing out their plans
and ensuring all members are accounted for. For those
travelling solo, once you’ve reached your backcountry
destination for the day or upon returning to the trailhead,
immediately close out your plan with Park Dispatch,
either by phone or park radio. Dispatch will continue to
• track you until you do so. Once your estimated return
time has passed, they will begin attempting status checks
on you, but DO NOT rely on them to remind you of your
close-out responsibilities.
Personal Preparedness for
the Backcountry –
Adequ
ate personal preparedness is highly dependent upon
time of year, current and predicted weather, area and route of
travel, nature of work assignments, skills and experience, and
other factors that must be considered on a case by case basis.
It is critical, and mandatory, that each employee/volunteer
give careful consideration to planning and preparation for
each backcountry trip.
Each park division has required Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) for backcountry travel, but at a minimum
,
you should have the following 10 essentials with you:
Map
Compass
Flashlight/headlamp
Extra food/water
Extra clothing
Sunscreen/sunglasses
First Aid kit
Knife
Lighter/waterproof matches
Whistle and/or signal mirror
31
Situational Awareness –
• A safe and successful backcountry trip is dependent upon
good situational awareness and the ability to manage risk.
Discretion and judgment are key elements of this process.
• When we lose situational awareness we increase the
potential for human error mishaps. Pay attention to
current and changing weather conditions. What’s your
physical and mental status? Are you properly clothed and
equipped for your trip? Observe your surroundings.
Watch your footing. Regularly communicate your status.
For A
dditional Information –
Refer to the RMNP BACKCOUNTRY TRACKING AND
TRAVEL POLICY, which is available electronically on the
Park Intranet under “Divisions/Safety & the Environment”.
32
OSHA MANDATED PROGRAMS
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) is a procedure used to identify
hazards in each step of a job in order to develop measures to
eliminate or control each identified hazard. Each work area
should have JHAs and encourage their use by staff. When
developing a JHA, employees and supervisors should work
together.
Consider the following priorities when developing a JHA:
• Jobs with the highest injury/illness rates
• Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling
injuries/illness
• Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone
changes in procedures and procedures
• Jobs complex enough to require written instructions
To analyze a job, follow these basic steps:
• Break the job down into successive steps
• Analyze each step to identify its potential hazards
• Develop ways to eliminate or control the identified
hazards
• Document the process on a Job Hazard Analysis template
located on the Safety and Environment Intranet Site
• Make the JHA a working document: each time before you
begin the job, review the JHA, and change it if required.
33
A JHA library is located on the ROMO Intranet Safety and
Environment site that is maintained by the Safety Office at:
http://www.romo.nps.gov/divisions/facmgmt/facmgmt%20vf
/safety/jha%20template.doc. When you create a JHA,
provide an electronic copy to the Safety Officer for inclusion
in the JHA Library.
34
Rocky Mountain National Park Page of
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)/Certification of Hazard Assessment
1. Work Project or Activity: 2. Date:
New
Revised
3. Location of Job: 4. Division 5. Branch
6. Supervisor/Person Certifying Hazard Assessment Has Been Performed:
7. Name of Employee(s) Involved in 8. Division Chief:
Analysis:
9. Required Personal Protective Equipment:
10. Required Tools and Equipment:
11. Applicable Standards:
12. Training Requirements:
35
13. Sequence of Job 14. Potential Hazard 15. Hazard Control
Steps:
Emergency Evacuation Instructions
Work supervisors and crew members are responsible for developing and discussing field
emergency evacuation procedures (EEP) and alternatives in the event a person(s) becomes
seriously ill or injured at the worksite.
JHA and Emergency Evacuation Procedures Acknowledgement
We the undersigned supervisor and employees, acknowledge participation in the
development of this JHA and accompanying emergency evacuation procedures. We have
thoroughly discussed and understand the provisions of each of these documents.
Supervisor’s Signature: Date:
Employee(s) Signature: Date:
Division Chief’s Signature: Date:
36
HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM
To ensure that information about the dangers of all hazardous
chemicals used by Rocky Mountain National Park is known
by all affected employees, a Hazard Communication Program
has been established. Under this program, employees will be
informed of the contents of the OSHA Hazard
Communication standard, the hazardous chemicals they use
in their workplace, and safe handling procedures and
measures to take to protect themselves from these chemicals
(Material Safety Data Sheets-MSDS).
The program applies to all work operations at ROMO where
employees may be exposed to hazardous chemicals under
normal working conditions or during an emergency situation.
Program
Availability
A c
opy of the ROMO Hazard Communication Program can
be obtained by contacting the Safety Office, accessing the
plan on the ROMO Intranet, or in each work area’s “Right to
Know” binder.
Hazardous Product/Chemical Lists
The OSHA hazard communication standard requires
ROMO’s Hazard Communication Program include a list of
hazardous chemicals known to be present in the workplace.
To meet this requirement, all work areas shall maintain an
inventory of hazardous and extremely hazardous chemicals
that are used and stored in their work area using the
Hazardous Products/Chemical List. A Hazardous
Products/Chemical List template is located on the ROMO
Intranet. Select Divisions, Safety & Environment,
37
Environmental Management, and open up the Hazardous
Products-Chemical List template.
Employee Training and Information
Supervisors must train employees on hazardous chemicals
specific to their work areas. All employees should obtain
initial training in Haz Com as soon as possible after their
starting date, and attend annual training thereafter.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Materials Safety Data Sheets are available from the
manufacturer for each hazardous chemical they produce.
Supervisors shall:
• Ensure a MSDS is obtained at the time of initial
purchase or shipment.
• Review the MSDS to determine if the chemical is
hazardous. If hazardous the supervisor will
communicate health and safety information to
their employees.
• Place MSDS for hazardous chemicals in the work
area’s Right to Know binder. Review revised
MSDS for new or significant health and safety
information and ensure any new information is
communicated to their employees.
• Ensure MSDS for hazardous chemicals are readily
available to employees during each work shift.
38
FIRST AID/CPR
First Aid and emergency response at RMNP is the
responsibility of the Division of Resource Protection and
Visitor Management. Rangers respond to over 400
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and/or Search and
Rescue (SAR) incidents annually. The majority of these
occur during the busy summer months. Any employee may
be first on scene and will be expected to provide a clear and
concise report to dispatch. First Aid may be provided within
one’s scope of current training. All employees are
recommended to obtain basic first aid and CPR training and
it is required for most. Supervisors will provide access to
required training. All backcountry travelers are required to
carry, at a minimum, a basic Type I first aid kit, available
from the warehouse. All EMS activities fall under the direct
supervision of the park EMS Coordinator. Employees with a
certification of Wilderness First Responder and above must
have an issued “White Card” from the park EMS
Coordinator.
The following standard first aid kit inventory reflects the
minimum amount of first aid supplies to be carried in the
backcountry:
2 prep pads/swabs: iodine/BZK/bacitracin
4 2x2 gauze pad dressings
6 band-aids
4 butterfly closures
1 rolled elastic gauze bandage (kling)
1 pair gloves, latex/nitrile
1 rescue breathing barrier mask
1 roll adhesive tape, 1/2” x 1 yd
39
1 sheet moleskin
2 aspirins
2 acetaminophen tablets
Bloodborne Pathogens
Human blood and body fluids may transmit Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). An
exposure incident is a specific eye, mouth, other mucous
membrane, non-intact skin, or needle stick contact with blood
or body fluids. The RMNP Bloodborne Pathogen (BBP)
Exposure Control Plan is located on the ROMO Intranet
Safety and Environment site.
Supervisors are requir
ed to:
• Classify, Category I, II, or III, employee exposure to BBP
• Ensure Category I & II employees receive BBP training
prior to assignment to tasks where exposure could occur
• Offer Hepatitis B vaccinations to Category 1 employees
within 10 days of initial assignment
To Prevent Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens
• Treat all body fluids as if they are contaminated.
• Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
such as gloves, face masks, eye protection, gowns, &
pocket masks.
• Dispose of contaminated sharp items in labeled, puncture
resistant, leak-proof containers.
• Place other contaminated items in labeled biohazard bags
or containers.
40
• Remove contaminated clothing and PPE ASAP and place
in labeled container for storage, laundering,
decontamination, or disposal.
• Immediately wash exposed skin with antibacterial soap
after removing PPE. If no water is available, use a
waterless hand-gel and then wash with water ASAP.
• Don’t eat, drink, apply lip balm or handle contact lenses in
areas where there is a potential for exposure.
• Clean contaminated work surfaces with an EPA approved
disinfectant or chlorine bleach solution of ¼ cup bleach to
1 gallon water.
Dispose of Biohazard Waste in Biohazard Tubs:
• East Side: Utility Area Garage #5, ask ranger at ROC for
access
• West Side: Utility Building 473, SAR Cache
If a Suspected Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens
Occurs:
• Thoroughly wash the exposed area with soap and water.
Flush mucous membranes with water.
• Immediately notify supervisor. If supervisor is not
available, report to Estes Park Medical Center or Granby
Medical Center as soon ASAP for a medical evaluation.
• Identify the source person and the route of exposure (i.e.
needle stick, eye splash, etc)
41
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
A Job Hazard Analysis or PPE Selection Certification may be
used to identify required PPE. Only items that meet National
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards will
be procured and accepted for use.
Head Protection (ANSI Z89.1)
Hard hats are required when there is a potential for objects
falling from above, bumps to the head from fixed objects, or
head contact with electrical hazards.
Eye and Face Protection (ANSI Z87.1)
Safety glasses and a face shield are worn anytime work
operations could cause foreign objects to get in the eye. Wear
when exposed to any electrical hazard, including working on
energized electrical systems.
Respiratory Protection (NIOSH approved)
Respiratory equipment must be used as part of RMNP’s
Respiratory Protection Program. Before an employee is
allowed in a work area or starts an activity which would
expose them to hazardous concentrations of airborne
contaminants that require respiratory protection, the
employee must:
• Complete a medical evaluation.
• Complete initial Respiratory Protection training.
• Pass a respirator fit test for a NIOSH-approved respirator.
Contact your supervisor or the Safety Officer for details to
meet these requirements. Training and fit testing are required
annually.
42
Hearing Protection (ANSI S3.19)
Hearing protection, earplugs and/or earmuffs, must be used
as part of RMNP’s Hearing Conservation Program.
Employees must receive initial training and a baseline
audiogram within 6 months of their first exposure at or above
the OSHA action level and annually thereafter. As a rule of
thumb, if an employee must speak loud to be heard, their
noise exposure is at or above the OSHA action level.
Hand Protection
Workers should wear the right glove for the job to prevent
potential injuries such as burns, abrasions, cuts, punctures,
electrical shock, chemical exposure, or exposure to blood,
body fluids, or other potentially infectious materials.
Foot Protection (ANSI Z89.1)
Construction and maintenance workers shall wear work shoes
or boots with non-slip and puncture resistant soles. Safety-
toed footwear shall be worn to prevent crushed toes when
working around heavy equipment or falling objects.
43
TRENCHING & EXCAVATION
The park has several “competent” employees to assist in any
excavation or digging work. Any excavating activities will
include using the following checklist, have a competent
trained employee on site, and will utilize all PPE required for
the activity. The competent trained employee will also be
cognizant of proper topsoil salvage, handling, storage, and
redistribution techniques outlined in the document entitled
“Construction Stipulations for Natural Resource Preservation
Rocky Mountain National Park” issued by the Resource
Stewardship Division.
Trenching and Excavation Daily Checklist
Yes
No
3 Days Prior to Opening the Excavation
The following have been contacted for utility locates:
Public Utilities: 1-800-922-1987
ROMO Fiber Optics: Ext. 1254
ROMO Phone: Ext. 1266
ROMO Water/Sewer: Ext. 1241
ROMO Low Voltage/Propane: Ext. 1250
Prior to Opening the Excavation
All surface encumbrances that could create a
hazard are removed or supported
Utilities and other underground installations
have been located, demarcated, and
communicated to employees
A competent person has been designated
and has conducted an inspection
44
General Requirement During Excavation
Employees are wearing appropriate PPE such
as hard hat, high-visibility safety vests, safety
glasses, and safety boots
The competent person performs inspections
daily, prior to the start of work, as needed
throughout the shift; and after every
rainstorm or other hazardous occurrence
When excavation approaches the location of
underground installations, their exact location
is determined by a safe means
General Requirements Prior to Employees Entering
Any Excavation
Excavation is made entirely in solid rock or
the competent person determines there is no
indication of a potential cave-in
Employees are protected from loose rock or
soil that could fall from the excavation face
Excavated soil or stored materials are kept at
least 2 feet back from the edge of the trench
If water has accumulated or is accumulating
in the excavation, precautions have been
taken to protect employees
Additional Requirements if Excavation 4-5
Feet Deep
All workers are within 25 feet of a means of
egress
Atmosphere has been tested if there is a
possibility of oxygen deficient or hazardous
atmosphere
Additional Requirements if Excavation is
45
5-20 Feet in Depth
Excavation is protected from cave-ins by an
adequate protective system:
•
Designed by the competent person in
accordance with OSHA 1926.652 (b)
Slopes and benching systems or (c)
Support systems, shield systems, or other
protective system, or the competent
person has determined the excavation is
made entirely in solid rock; or
• Designed by a professional engineer
Additional Requirements if Excavation is
More Than 20 Feet in Depth
Excavation is protected from cave-ins by an
adequate protective system designed by a
professional engineer
Trenching and Excavation Checklist (Cont’d)
Slo
pe
trench sides as indicated, or provide shoring or a trench
box. Professional engineering required for trenches 20 feet +.
46
Soil Type
Slope
Rock
Vertical
Type A
¾ to 1 or 53 degrees
Type B
1:1 or 45 degrees
Type C
1-½ to 1 or 34 degrees
Increase slope of trenches exposed to vibrations of
construction equipment, construction operations, traffic,
etc.
LADDERS AND SCAFFOLDING
Ladders
Ladders are commonly used throughout the park. This tool
can be extremely useful and also very dangerous if not used
properly. Follow these tips to ensure that you do not become
another injury statistic when using ladders.
• Always follow all labels/markings on the ladder.
• Avoid electrical hazards- never use a metal
ladder near power lines or exposed energized
electrical equipment.
• Always inspect the ladder prior to use.
• Maintain a three-point contact on the ladder
when climbing
• Follow the “belt buckle rule”- never work with
your belt buckle outside of the ladder rails.
• Use ladders only on a level, stable surface.
• Extension ladders used to access an elevated
surface must extend 3 feet above the point of
support.
47
• The proper angle for setting up a ladder is to
place its base a quarter of the working length of
the ladder from the wall.
• Do not exceed the maximum load rating of a
ladder.
Scaffolding
Employees who are involved with the erection, dismantling
or use of scaffolding must
be trained. This training can be
done by a competent person and must instruct the trainee in
recognizing the hazards associated with the type of scaffold
being used and how to control or minimize those hazards.
The following general requirements should be followed when
working with scaffolding:
• A competent person must supervise the erection
of all scaffolding.
• Guardrails or a personal fall arrest system must be
used if the worker is exposed to a fall greater than
10 feet.
• The frames will bear on base plates and mud sills
• All work platforms will be fully decked.
• Scaffolding will be able to support four times the
maximum intended load.
• Scaffolding will be erected plumb and level
• Toe boards must be used if there is a danger of
items falling on workers below.
• Scaffolding must be tied off when it reaches four
times its base width.
• All casters on mobile scaffolding must be locked
when in use.
48
• Inspect all scaffolding at the beginning of each
work shift.
Refer to OSHA 1926 Subpart L for the complete regulations
for scaffolding use.
FALL P
ROTECTION AND SAFE WORK PRACTICES
Fa
lls are the leading cause of fatal injuries in the construction
industry. Fall protection will be in place if an employee or
volunteer is exposed to a fall hazard of more than 4 feet for
general industry or 6 feet for construction. Workers who are
exposed to fall hazards will be trained to identify these
hazards and how to use safe work practices in order to
prevent accidents. Fall Protection can include: guard rails,
covers, and personal fall arrest systems. Refer to OSHA 29
CFR 1926 subpart M for more detailed information.
Guard rails consist of a top rail, mid rail and toe boards.
Covers are used to cover any hole that may present a fall
hazard.
Personal fall arrest systems consist of an anchorage,
lifeline, lanyard and full body harness.
Falls from heights are 100% avoidable. Notify your
supervisor immediately if you become aware of a potential
fall hazard.
For answers to specific questions contact the fall
protection specialist in RMNP maintenance department
49
or refer to JHA for specifications on specific information
and regulations. All equipment and systems used must be
OSHA certified.
CHAINSAW OPERATION
Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) employees perform
a variety of jobs requiring the use of chain saws. Among
them are firefighting, hazard fuel and tree removal, road
maintenance, trail clearing, historic structure restoration and
other maintenance activities. All employees must follow the
guidelines in the RMNP Chainsaw Plan, found on the RMNP
Intranet under Divisions →Safety. Our performance based
chainsaw qualifications are based on the NWCG S-212 saw
program. Training, certification, and first aid/CPR are
required. Authorization for the use of chainsaws is the
responsibility of an employee’s Division Chief with
certification approved by the ROMO Safety and
Occupational Health Manager or ROMO Fire Management
Officer, as appropriate. S212 will be offered to employees
required to use chainsaw and provided a task book to be
completed for certification of chainsaw qualification. All
employees using chainsaws must be certified in house and
attend an annual refresher. No solo work is permitted.
FIRE PREVENTION & FLAMMABLE LIQUID
S
TORAGE
Ga
soline and similar flammable liquids will be stored in a
secure “approved” container and in an area free from burning
hazards. When stored indoors, flammable liquids must be
kept in a flammable storage locker.
50
“Jerry Cans” may not be used for the storage of flammable
liquids.
Storage of flammable substances on equipment or vehicles is
prohibited unless such unit has an adequate storage area
designed for such use.
Types of Fires
a. Class A ( wood, paper and trash) – use water or
foam extinguishers.
b. Class B ( flammable liquids, gas, oil, paints, and
grease – use foam, CO
2
or dry chemical
extinguishers
c. Class C ( electrical) - use CO
2
or dry chemical
extinguishers
d. Class D ( combustible metals) – use dry powder
extinguishers only
Fir
e Extinguishers
Only
use a fire extinguisher if you have been trained in its
use. Call 9-1-1.
Remember: PASS
Pull- Pull the pin of the fire extinguisher
Aim- Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire
Shoot- Pull the trigger of the extinguisher
Sweep- Sweep the extinguisher side to side until fire is out
Put your personal safety first!
51
FIELD SAFETY INFORMATION
Mountain Weather: A bright, sunny day can turn windy and
wet within a matter of minutes with high winds and driving
rain or snow. Be prepared for changing conditions.
High Altitude: High altitude increases the chance of
dehydration, severe sunburn, mountain sickness (headaches,
nausea, and dizziness) and the aggravation of preexisting
medical conditions. Drink several quarts of water per day to
ward off dehydration. Wear a wide-brimmed hat and
sunglasses. Apply sunscreen often. If you begin to feel sick
or experience any physical problems, descend to lower
elevations.
Sun Exposure: Sunny climate, high altitude, and snow-
covered ground increase the risk of overexposure to the sun’s
harmful rays. Wear sunscreen and lip balm with a SPF of 15
or higher. Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before going out in
the sun, and reapply every 2 hours. Wear sunglasses or
goggles on days of full sunlight, and on cloudy and overcast
days when you are on snow, to prevent snow blindness,
which is sunburn of the eyes.
Cold Weather Injuries: Frostnip, frostbite, and
hypothermia can all occur when components of the body or
the body itself is exposed to cold temperatures for an
extended period of time. These injuries can be prevented:
52
• Selecting proper clothing for cold, wet, and windy
conditions. Wool and polypropylene retain their
insulation value even when wet.
• Wearing an outer layer to break the wind, repel rain or
snow, and allow some ventilation, such as Gortex® or
nylon.
• Wearing a hat. Up to 40% of body heat can be lost when
the head is left exposed.
• Wearing insulated boots or other appropriate footwear.
• Keeping a change of dry clothing available in case work
clothes become wet.
• Do not wear tight clothing. Loose clothing allows better
ventilation.
• Taking frequent short breaks in warm dry shelters to
allow the body to warm up.
• Avoiding exhaustion or fatigue because energy is needed
to keep muscles warm.
• Using the buddy system and watching out for signs of
cold stress.
• Drinking warm, sweet beverages such as sugar water and
sports-type drinks. Eating warm, high-calorie foods like
hot pasta dishes.
WILDLIFE ENCOUNTERS
Bears:
• Do not approach; stay calm; do not run but move
away from animal.
• Never get between a mother and her cub.
• Drop a hat or other object, not your pack, bears
are curious and will most likely stop to
investigate.
53
• Make noise to scare the bear away.
• If possible, slowly store away any exposed food
or scented items.
• If you are attacked, fight for your life and direct
your defense to vulnerable areas such as eyes,
throat, inner nose, and ears, ribs and abdomen.
Mountain Lions:
• Do not approach, slowly move away while facing
the lion; DO NOT RUN.
• Stay calm; talk loudly and firmly at the lion.
• Make yourself appear larger; stand upright, raise
your arms and hold your jacket open wide;
summon any companions to your side.
• If the lion appears aggressive throw rocks or
branches, or anything handy.
• If you are attacked, fight for your life and direct
your defense to vulnerable areas such as eyes,
throat, inner nose, and ears, ribs and abdomen.
Moose, Deer, Elk:
• Do not approach and use extreme caution during
mating and birthing seasons.
• Carry and know how to use equipment such as
pepper spray.
• Refer to related JHA’s on RMNP Intranet.
Streams, Lakes and Waterfalls: Water hazards can be
deceptively dangerous. Keep your distance. In winter, ice is
thinner near outlets and inlets and over fast moving water.
Purify drinking water to prevent giardia and other water
borne diseases.
54
Hazard Trees: Over the past 10 years, mountain pine beetles
have infested over 50,000 acres of lodgepole, ponderosa and
limber pine within RMNP. This active epidemic of mountain
pine beetles is predicted to kill 70 to 90% of the mature pines
in the Park within the next 5 – 10 years and will generate a
100 fold increase in the annual number of hazard trees that
require mitigation for employee and visitor safety in the
frontcountry alone. Trees can fall without warning posing an
ever present danger when traveling or camping in forested
areas. Be particularly aware when it is windy or following a
snow storm when branches are laden with snow. Look up,
look around and be aware. Avoid camping or parking where
trees can fall on you.
LIGHTNING
RMNP is one of the lightning hot spots in the West, with
lightning storms occurring nearly 100 days each year.
Safest Place: Inside a building away from windows &
doors.
Safe Place: Inside a fully enclosed metal vehicle.
Less Safe: Outside.
Plan in Advance
• Get weather report and monitor throughout day.
• Schedule outdoor work early in the morning.
• Have a plan if lightning storm forms.
• Seek safety if you see lightning or hear thunder.
55
If Indoors During a Lightning Storm
• Get away from windows and doors.
• Don’t use telephones, computers, electrical appliances, or
plumbing fixtures.
If Outdoors During Lightning Storm
• Get inside a large building or vehicle if possible.
• Get below tree line into a forest of even sized trees.
• Get away from metal objects, tools, wires.
• Avoid water, high points and ridges, lone tall objects, open
fields, shallow caves and overhangs.
• If on horseback, get off the horse.
• In imminent lightning, crouch on heels with feet together
and hands over ears.
• Spread group out to avoid multiple injuries.
If someone is struck by Lightning
• Assess for breathing and pulse.
• Begin CPR.
SNOW/AVALANCHE/ICE HAZARDS
Snow can happen any day of the year in RMNP. The annual
average snowfall from 2000-2006 was 92” in Estes Park and
218” at Bear Lake. Winter storms tend to drop greater
amounts of snow at higher elevations and on the west side of
the park. Spring snowstorms in March and April can carry
more moisture, and snowstorms of several feet are possible.
On March 17-20, 2003, Estes Park received 34” and Bear
Lake received 69” of snow. Winter driving conditions can
occur anytime on Trail Ridge road. Temporary closures often
56
restrict travel over Trail Ridge Road. Administrative travel
during a closure must be cleared through park Dispatch. Tires
with good tread, a snow shovel, an ice scraper, and chains or
4-wheel drive are recommended for winter driving.
Colorado leads the nation with 59 avalanche fatalities over
the past 10 years. A continental climate, relative shallow
snowpack, high winds, and steep leeward slopes all
contribute to an often unstable snowpack in Colorado.
Best current conditions are available from RMNP’s morning
report. The Colorado Avalanche Information Center’s
website, avalanche.state.co.us, has daily reports and links to
weather sites including hourly observations from the Bear
Lake Snotel site. Highest winter avalanche hazard exists on
wind loaded slopes and gullies, N-E aspects, slope greater
than 30 degrees, during or within 24 hours of a storm. Warm
spring days can lead to wet slides on all aspects greater than
30 degrees. Many popular winter trails such as Ouzel Falls,
Mills Lake, Nymph Lake, Bierstadt Lake, and Prospect
Canyon do not cross slopes of 30 degrees and are relatively
safe from avalanche hazards.
Ice is present year-round in the park. Frozen falls attract
winter ice climbers and high alpine glaciers attract skiers,
hikers, and climbers year-round. Warm sunny days can
release ice down gullies. Climbers often start and finish
climbs prior to midday warming to avoid hazards. RMNP has
over a dozen glaciers and hundreds of snowfields which can
last through summer. Glacier surfaces quickly change from
soft snow to hard ice as the previous season’s snow melts. A
hike such as Andrew’s Glacier may be fine with just good
boots one day and require crampons the next. Summer
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glissading or skiing on snowfields can lead to uncontrolled
slides on frozen surfaces.
Proper decision making and good traction are vital to safe
travel on snow and ice. Traction equipment ranges from a
good lug sole boot, trekking poles, traction devices to
crampons, ice axes, and ropes.
Poisonous Plants: There are many different kinds of
poisonous plants and mushrooms in the park. Do not eat
anything unless you are absolutely sure it is not poisonous.
Experts even have difficulty identifying many types of
mushrooms and differentiating edible and non-edible species.
Some plants are skin irritants. Skin irritations can last for
minutes or weeks depending upon a person’s allergens.
Poisonous Insects: Poisonous insects often reside in
enclosed areas such as cabins and storage units. Black widow
spiders, brown recluse spiders, wasps and bees can cause life
threatening allergic reactions.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): Ticks are
common in dry south facing areas of brush and grasses. Ticks
can carry Lyme disease or RMSF. Apply insect repellant
containing DEET, especially on neck, legs, and ankles.
Perform periodic tick checks when working or traveling in
the backcountry. RMSF gets its name from the trademark
rash it causes - small red spots and blotches that begin on the
wrists, ankles, palms, and soles. In addition to the rash, the
infection can cause fever, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, and
nausea. If suspected, see your doctor immediately.
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West Nile Virus: Since 1999, West Nile Virus has been
present in the United States. Mosquitoes are the primary
vectors of West Nile Virus to humans. West Nile Virus does
not usually occur above 7,500’and the majority of positive
cases in the surrounding area have been recorded at lower
elevations in all counties that encompass the park. To take
precautions apply insect repellant containing DEET to
exposed skin when outdoors. Treating clothing with DEET
will give extra protection. Do not apply DEET on the skin
under your clothing.
Hantavirus: Mammals can carry many diseases, such as
rabies, tularaemia, plague and a variety of other diseases;
avoid direct contact with any wildlife. Mice are known to
carry Hantavirus, which can be airborne in confined spaces,
so do not enter buildings that have been closed for long
periods of time without taking the proper precautions.
Hantavirus kits are readily available and must be used when
cleaning areas with mice feces. Refer to related JHA’s on
RMNP Intranet
ERGONOMICS & MATERIALS HANDLING
Ergonomics
Workers who must often lift, stoop, kneel, twist, grip, stretch,
reach overhead, or assume other awkward positions to do the
job are at risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal
disorder which can result in back strains, muscle pulls, carpal
tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, rotator cuff tears, sprains, or
strains.
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Administrative Improvements for Injury Prevention
• Organize work so that the physical demands and work
pace increase gradually
• Adjust work schedules, work pace, or work practices
• Rotate workers through jobs that use different muscles,
body parts, or positions
• Alternate heavy tasks with light tasks
• Provide recovery time, such as short rest breaks
• Modify work practices so that workers perform work
within their power zone (above the knees, below the
shoulders, and close to the body)
Safe Lifting/ Material Handling
In 2007, employee injuries at RMNP related to material
handling resulted in 59% of the total restricted duty days.
When employees use smart lifting practices and work in their
“power zones", they are less likely to suffer from back
sprains, muscle pulls, wrist injuries, elbow injuries, spinal
injuries, and other injuries caused by lifting heavy objects.
In order to reduce these hazards, consider the following:
• Before lifting, always test the load for stability and weight.
• Avoid carrying large or bulky loads that limit or obstruct
your vision. Make sure you have a clear view of the path.
• For loads that are unstable and/or heavy:
o Use mechanical devices or equipment to lift the load
o Ask for help to lift the load
o Reduce the weight of the load
o Repack the load to increase stability
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• Plan the lift
o Wear appropriate shoes to avoid slips, trips, or falls
o Check the intended route and point of placement before
moving the load
o Lift only as much as you can safely handle by yourself
o Keep the lift in your power zone, above the knees,
below the shoulders, and close to the body, if possible
• When lifting
o Stand close to the load with feet apart
o Bend knees, keeping back as straight as possible and lift
with legs and not with back
o Get a secure grip
o Use both hands whenever possible
o Avoid jerking by using smooth, even motions
o Keep the load as close to the body as possible
o Use your legs to push up and lift the load, not the upper
body or back
o Move slowly and avoid sudden twisting motions
o Alternate heavy lifting with less physically demanding
tasks
o Take breaks
o Use gloves when appropriate
SLIPS / TRIPS / FALLS
In 1999, over one million people suffered a slip, trip, or
falling injury, and over 17,000 Americans died as a result.
All employees and volunteers working on or around
smooth/slick surfaces should mitigate hazards by following
these recommendations:
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• Wear footwear that is appropriate for conditions
inside and outside. Improper fit can compromise
balance and performance
• Wear appropriate traction devices (Yaktrax,
STABLicers, Get-A-Grip, snowshoes, crampons)
• Avoid wearing high heels
• Wear slip resistant soles
• Hiking poles may be useful for challenging
conditions to help keep your balance
• Note areas that drain poorly, retain snow, or are
habitually slippery, and initiate permanent
changes (engineer out) to eliminate hazards
• Remove snow and ice and apply salt or sand in
high traffic areas
• Walk, don’t run on smooth/slick surfaces
• Scan the area ahead and plan your travel path
• Alter your stride to take shorter, slower steps
• Always carry tools on the downhill side
• Carry a light source at night and in unfamiliar
areas
• Know how to fall. Try to land in the least
obstructed spot. Protect your head and back. Roll
with the fall
• If the weather if particularly bad, consider putting
the job off until conditions improve
• Refer to related JHA Library on RMNP Intranet.
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FLAGGING & TRAFFIC CONTROL
Flagging operations in Rocky Mountain National Park will
follow the standards set forth by the Colorado Department of
Transportation (CDOT) and the Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices.
All employees performing traffic control on park roads will
have proper training and be equipped with approved personal
protective equipment (PPE).
Required PPE for park staff (employees & volunteers) will be
at a minimum:
• Reflective Traffic Vest (visible at 1,000 feet/ performance
class 2 or 3)
• Orange Hard Hat
• Park Radio
• Approved Stop/Slow Sign Paddles
Before work commences along a roadway a traffic control
plan will be written. Proper planning is essential to the
placement of warning signs along the roadways. Refer to the
CDOT requirements for distances of flagger stations in
advance of the work zones.
NOTE:
For emergency tra
ffic control situations, such as a motor
vehicle accident or HazMat spill, some PPE may not be
readily available. However, all employees should at least
wear a reflective traffic vest and have radio communications
available.
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STOCK USE
S
to
ck use by employees of RMNP is defined in the park’s
Livestock Management Plan, maintained by Trails. All stock
use is to be authorized by the District Trail Crew supervisor
and lead Animal Packer. The plan gives guidance and
outlines responsibilities of all stock users, establishes
minimum requirements for use of stock including training
required, and provides standard operating procedures (SOP)
for the use of horses and mules and related facilities. The
plan includes sections on Job Hazard Analysis (JHAs), horse
rider training (including proper use, care and certification
level), packing training, truck and livestock trailer use and
training, the procurement, annual upkeep of, and disposition
of animals, and procedures and maintenance in and around
the barns and corrals.
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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS & PERSONAL SAFETY
“Situational awareness” is being mindful of potential dangers
in your situation and surroundings at all times, including
realizing the potential for an encounter with a stranger or a
colleague to go bad. This awareness, combined with
“expecting the unexpected”, can make the difference in the
outcome, for example, working alone or at night can help you
to plan for the unexpected encounter.
Situational awareness is applicable equally to both men and
women, especially when your job places you in contact with
the public, but it also applies in interacting with peers.
Ge
neral Precautions –
Trust your instincts. If something doesn’t look or feel
right, it probably isn’t. Advise others of your suspicions.
If you are working or hiking alone, notify someone of
your plan. If you are on duty hiking in the backcountry,
then you must
file a Travel Plan with Dispatch.
When going into the field, ALWAYS take a park radio.
Test it prior to leaving; ALWAYS carry a spare battery.
Vary your daily routine; don’t be a “creature of habit”.
Anyone working late should ALWAYS check out with the
last person on duty or Park Dispatch.
If working at night, always carry a flashlight and park in a
well-lit location near your work station, if possible.
Take advantage of available self-defense and other
personal safety training; learn how to recognize potential
warning signs of a potential encounter or attack.
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Maintain a level of physical and mental fitness that will
enable you to defend yourself or escape an attack.
NEVER tell someone that you’re alone. Always act as if
there is someone else with you.
NEVER get in a vehicle with or leave an area alone with
someone you don’t know, regardless of how legitimate
their claim may appear. Always report the incident to
Park Dispatch PRIOR to responding. Attackers often lure
their victims to an isolated location with a false report of
an accident or injury.
Keep windows and doors in your duty station, quarters,
and personal and government vehicles locked at all times.
Inspect your work area and residence for potentially
unsafe conditions, such as blind corners, poor lighting,
broken door and window locks, etc.
Know all alarm, park radio, and telephone locations, and
clearly post emergency contact numbers for access.
Be proactive by running different scenarios and your
responses through your mind to prepare yourself for an
encounter; i.e., applying “when / then” thinking.
If a visitor or co-worker contact becomes an encounter –
Politely and firmly ask the party to leave
End the conversation and walk away, but watch them until
you reach a safe area.
Call someone to relieve you, even if the call is a ruse.
Acting like someone is coming may be enough to end an
unwelcome encounter.
Shout for help or use your radio or phone to get help.
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Don’t enter into a verbal altercation, which can often
escalate into a physical attack.
Make noise to attract help, and FIGHT BACK, if attacked.
WELLNESS
RMNP employees should be encouraged to engage in
activities that promote positive physical and mental health.
While RMNP has no formal “Wellness Program”, law
enforcement park rangers and wildland firefighters are
permitted by policy to use 3 hours of duty time per week to
participate in physical fitness activities.
Other employees should be encouraged to participate in a
personal physical fitness program, such as scheduling
backcountry hiking days to stay fit, as well as gaining
familiarity with the park, or simply taking a 15-minute daily
walk.
Park Facilities / Local Fitness Centers -
1) East S
ide Employee Fitness Center/Weight Room -
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• Located in bottom level of Alpine Hotshot Dorm
• Initial orientation required with Fire Program Clerk
before the room can be used.
• Weight Room winter hours: 7 days a week, 10AM –
7:30 PM; however, hours are subject to change
after arrival of Hotshots to RMNP each spring.
2) West Side Employee Fitness Center
Located in Building #888, Kawuneeche Housing Area
3) MedX, located in Estes Park
4) Rocky Mountain Health Club, located in Estes Park
5) Curves, located in Frasier
6) Winter Park Athletic Club
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MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY
Safely operating and properly maintaining government
vehicles is a responsibility many of us share during the
course of our duties here at Rocky Mountain National Park.
All employees and volunteers should know and carry out the
following driving safety practices before they operate
government vehicles:
Pre-I
nspection and Preventive Maintenance Activities –
• Wal
k around the vehicle to check for unreported damage,
hazards, or obstructions.
• Tires: Check for nails, adequate tread and tire pressure
• Check fluid levels: Fuel, oil, power steering fluid, brake
fluid, coolant, and wiper fluid (& blades)
• Check windshield sticker to check for next servicing date
• Windshield clean and clear of obstructions
• Familiarize yourself with all vehicle functions and
controls prior to moving the vehicle; adjust seat and
mirrors
• Wipers, lights, horn, and turn signals all in working order
• Check Emergency Equipment: Fire extinguisher, first aid
kit, flashlight, window scraper and brush, tire changing
equipment, warning signs, reflectors or flares.
• Secure all objects inside the vehicle and in cargo areas.
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Driving Safely and Defensively –
• Operation of a government vehicle requires a valid
state operator’s license
• Wear seat belts at ALL TIMES when vehicle is in motion.
• Obey all posted speed limits and motor vehicle laws, and
never drive faster than road conditions allow.
• While the vehicle is in motion, refrain from distracting
conversations or activities, eating or drinking, using hand
held cellular telephones, reading maps or other materials.
• Do not operate a vehicle while under the influence of
alcohol, drugs, or while sick or suffering from undue
fatigue or emotional stress.
• Stay alert to traffic conditions and situations developing
far ahead of your vehicle.
• Be on the lookout for other drivers short cutting corners,
speeding, tailgating, illegal passing, and sightseeing.
• Use engine compression and gearing to slow down vehicle
on steep downhill grades. Riding your brakes can cause
them to overheat and fail.
• Always yield the right of way to pedestrians and wildlife.
• When parking on hills, set parking brake, chock wheels,
and point front wheels toward curb or away from traffic.
• Emergency Stopping: Move vehicle to the shoulder of
the road away from traffic, set parking brake, activate
flashers, watch passing traffic, raise hood if your vehicle is
disabled, display emergency reflectors, signs and or flares.
• When parking, back vehicle into the space, especially if
you are operating an emergency vehicle. While backing,
use a spotter if possible to guide you.
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• If involved in a motor vehicle accident, notify Park
Dispatch after ensuring your safety, and notify your
supervisor for further instructions.
Adverse Weather Conditions & Ro
ad Hazards –
Allow m
ore time to prepare the vehicle for departure and to
reach your destination. If the trip can be delayed, avoid
driving altogether. In addition to usual pre-inspection
procedures, you should -
1. Walk around the vehicle and clear snow and ice
from all windows, mirrors, and lights
2. Double-check windshield wipers and fluid level
3. In addition to emergency equipment, include extra
clothing or a blanket or sleeping bag, snow shovel,
and tire chains, if required.
• Winter Driving: If you must drive in snowy conditions,
follow these tips:
o Determine conditions in the area to be traveled and
choose the appropriate vehicle and route
o Turn on your lights to increase your visibility to other
motorists
o Slow down and increase the following distance
between your vehicle and vehicles in front of you.
o Do not accelerate, brake, or turn too quickly. Reduce
speed or accelerate gradually.
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o Do not use the cruise control when roads are slick.
Cruise Control can apply power at the wrong time and
initiate a skid or make a small skid worse.
o Drive in the center of your lane and be alert for park
snow plowing activities. Plowing often widens a lane
beyond the road edge and/or centerline, so give way.
o If your vehicle begins to slide:
1. Ease off the gas and do not touch the brake.
2. Steer in the direction of the skid. Point the wheels
in the direction the vehicle is sliding.
3. When you feel the vehicle straighten out, turn the
wheels straight and keep moving.
• Rock Fall: Rocks can fall at any time, especially through
highway rock cuts. Watch for gravel/small rocks falling
onto the roadway as a pre-indicator to larger rock fall.
• Wildlife: A common highway hazard at RMNP.
Anticipate that wildlife will run out in front of you,
especially at night.
• Congested Areas: Use extra caution around trailheads,
bridges, pullouts, parking lots, and any areas where traffic
is backed up or stopped, especially due to wildlife.
• Sightseers: Anticipate visitors in the middle of the road
at view areas, blind curves, and when wildlife are present
adjacent to the road.
• Bicyclists: Bicyclists share the road. Be especially
vigilant on days when visibility is poor, especially above
treeline.
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SAFETY INFORMATION SOURCES
Conta
ct your supervisor, your Division’s Safety Team
representative, your Division Chief (Executive Safety
Committee member), or the Park Safety Officer.
Other sources of information available include:
Safety and Environment Intranet Site
Check out the RMNP Safety and Environment site located on
the RMNP Intranet. Select Divisions and then select Safety
and Environment for the following information:
• Written Safety Programs including:
o Accident Investigation and Reporting
o Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control
o Chainsaw & Crosscut Saw Training & Certification
o Confined Space
o Hazard Communication
o Hearing Conservation
o Pandemic (Avian) Influenza
o Personal Protective Equipment
o Respiratory Protection Program
• Annual RMNP Safety Plan
• Employee Safety Team’s charter and meeting notes
• Employee Injury/Illness and Motor Vehicle Accident
Statistics
• Environmental Management
• Executive Safety Committee’s charter and meeting notes
• Job Hazard Analysis Library
• Management Walkaround Documentation Form
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• Safety Lessons Learned
• Safety Training Resources
• Work Area Hazardous Product/Chemical Lists
Safety Training Resources
Safety t
rai
ning resources, including videos, DVDs, and
brochures are available from the Safety Office library
located on the second floor of Building 828, Maintenance
Headquarters, or the Colorado District (CRD) library. A list
of available resources is located on the Safety &
Environment intranet site. You may contact the Safety
Officer by Email or at extension 1270 to have resources sent
to you.
Safety Bulletin Boards
Safety bulletin boards have been installed at the locations
below. The boards have three sections that will be consistent
at all locations throughout the park. These sections will cover
Wellness, Safety Tips, and Executive Safety Committee and
Employee Safety Team meeting notes. The Safety
Accomplishments and Work Unit Information may vary
depending on the location of the bulletin board. You can find
the Safety Bulletin Boards in the following locations:
• Auto Shop
• Beaver Meadows Entrance Office
• Beaver Meadows Visitor Center/Headquarters, rear door
• Building 828, Maintenance Headquarters:
o Buildings / Custodial / Roads / Utilities
• Building 473 Colorado River District Utility Building:
o Facility Management / Trails
• Fire Management Office (FMO)
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• Fire Operations Center
• Kawuneeche Visitor Center, office hallway
• McLaren Hall, break room
• Project Administration
• Ranger Operations Center (ROC), inside main work room
• Resource Office Lower Level (ROLL)
• Roads
• Trails Shop, Eastside
• Warehouse
Pr
od
uced by the RMNP Employee Safety Team
5/11
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Notes
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Notes
