PUBL153.PS

PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

DEFEND TRADE SECRETS ACT OF 2016

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130 STAT. 376 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

Public Law 114–153

114th Congress

An Act

To amend chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code, to provide Federal jurisdiction

for the theft of trade secrets, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of

the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Defend Trade Secrets Act of

2016’’.

SEC. 2. FEDERAL JURISDICTION FOR THEFT OF TRADE SECRETS.

(a) I

ENERAL

.—Section 1836 of title 18, United States Code,

is amended by striking subsection (b) and inserting the following:

‘‘(b) P

RIVATE

IVIL

CTIONS

.—

‘‘(1) I

N GENERAL

.—An owner of a trade secret that is mis-

appropriated may bring a civil action under this subsection

if the trade secret is related to a product or service used

in, or intended for use in, interstate or foreign commerce.

‘‘(2) C

IVIL SEIZURE

.—

‘‘(A) I

N GENERAL

.—

‘‘(i) A

PPLICATION

.—Based on an affidavit or verified

complaint satisfying the requirements of this para-

graph, the court may, upon ex parte application but

only in extraordinary circumstances, issue an order

providing for the seizure of property necessary to pre-

vent the propagation or dissemination of the trade

secret that is the subject of the action.

‘‘(ii) R

EQUIREMENTS FOR ISSUING ORDER

.—The

court may not grant an application under clause (i)

unless the court finds that it clearly appears from

specific facts that—

‘‘(I) an order issued pursuant to Rule 65 of

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or another

form of equitable relief would be inadequate to

achieve the purpose of this paragraph because the

party to which the order would be issued would

evade, avoid, or otherwise not comply with such

an order;

‘‘(II) an immediate and irreparable injury will

occur if such seizure is not ordered;

‘‘(III) the harm to the applicant of denying

the application outweighs the harm to the legiti-

mate interests of the person against whom seizure

would be ordered of granting the application and

Defend Trade

Secrets Act of

2016.

18 USC 1 note.

May 11, 2016

[S. 1890]

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130 STAT. 377 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

substantially outweighs the harm to any third par-

ties who may be harmed by such seizure;

‘‘(IV) the applicant is likely to succeed in

showing that—

‘‘(aa) the information is a trade secret;

and

‘‘(bb) the person against whom seizure

would be ordered—

‘‘(AA) misappropriated the trade

secret of the applicant by improper means;

‘‘(BB) conspired to use improper

means to misappropriate the trade secret

of the applicant;

‘‘(V) the person against whom seizure would

be ordered has actual possession of—

‘‘(aa) the trade secret; and

‘‘(bb) any property to be seized;

‘‘(VI) the application describes with reasonable

particularity the matter to be seized and, to the

extent reasonable under the circumstances, identi-

fies the location where the matter is to be seized;

‘‘(VII) the person against whom seizure would

be ordered, or persons acting in concert with such

person, would destroy, move, hide, or otherwise

make such matter inaccessible to the court, if the

applicant were to proceed on notice to such person;

and

‘‘(VIII) the applicant has not publicized the

requested seizure.

‘‘(B) E

LEMENTS OF ORDER

.—If an order is issued under

subparagraph (A), it shall—

‘‘(i) set forth findings of fact and conclusions of

law required for the order;

‘‘(ii) provide for the narrowest seizure of property

necessary to achieve the purpose of this paragraph

and direct that the seizure be conducted in a manner

that minimizes any interruption of the business oper-

ations of third parties and, to the extent possible,

does not interrupt the legitimate business operations

of the person accused of misappropriating the trade

secret;

‘‘(iii)(I) be accompanied by an order protecting the

seized property from disclosure by prohibiting access

by the applicant or the person against whom the order

is directed, and prohibiting any copies, in whole or

in part, of the seized property, to prevent undue dam-

age to the party against whom the order has issued

or others, until such parties have an opportunity to

be heard in court; and

‘‘(II) provide that if access is granted by the court

to the applicant or the person against whom the order

is directed, the access shall be consistent with subpara-

graph (D);

‘‘(iv) provide guidance to the law enforcement offi-

cials executing the seizure that clearly delineates the

scope of the authority of the officials, including—

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130 STAT. 378 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

‘‘(I) the hours during which the seizure may

be executed; and

‘‘(II) whether force may be used to access

locked areas;

‘‘(v) set a date for a hearing described in subpara-

graph (F) at the earliest possible time, and not later

than 7 days after the order has issued, unless the

party against whom the order is directed and others

harmed by the order consent to another date for the

hearing, except that a party against whom the order

has issued or any person harmed by the order may

move the court at any time to dissolve or modify the

order after giving notice to the applicant who obtained

the order; and

‘‘(vi) require the person obtaining the order to pro-

vide the security determined adequate by the court

for the payment of the damages that any person may

be entitled to recover as a result of a wrongful or

excessive seizure or wrongful or excessive attempted

seizure under this paragraph.

‘‘(C) P

ROTECTION FROM PUBLICITY

.—The court shall

take appropriate action to protect the person against whom

an order under this paragraph is directed from publicity,

by or at the behest of the person obtaining the order,

about such order and any seizure under such order.

‘‘(D) M

ATERIALS IN CUSTODY OF COURT

.—

‘‘(i) I

N GENERAL

.—Any materials seized under this

paragraph shall be taken into the custody of the court.

The court shall secure the seized material from phys-

ical and electronic access during the seizure and while

in the custody of the court.

‘‘(ii) S

TORAGE MEDIUM

.—If the seized material

includes a storage medium, or if the seized material

is stored on a storage medium, the court shall prohibit

the medium from being connected to a network or

the Internet without the consent of both parties, until

the hearing required under subparagraph (B)(v) and

described in subparagraph (F).

‘‘(iii) P

ROTECTION OF CONFIDENTIALITY

.—The court

shall take appropriate measures to protect the con-

fidentiality of seized materials that are unrelated to

the trade secret information ordered seized pursuant

to this paragraph unless the person against whom

the order is entered consents to disclosure of the mate-

rial.

‘‘(iv) A

PPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL MASTER

.—The court

may appoint a special master to locate and isolate

all misappropriated trade secret information and to

facilitate the return of unrelated property and data

to the person from whom the property was seized.

The special master appointed by the court shall agree

to be bound by a non-disclosure agreement approved

by the court.

‘‘(E) S

ERVICE OF ORDER

.—The court shall order that

service of a copy of the order under this paragraph, and

the submissions of the applicant to obtain the order, shall

be made by a Federal law enforcement officer who, upon

Courts.

Deadline.

Notification.

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130 STAT. 379 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

making service, shall carry out the seizure under the order.

The court may allow State or local law enforcement officials

to participate, but may not permit the applicant or any

agent of the applicant to participate in the seizure. At

the request of law enforcement officials, the court may

allow a technical expert who is unaffiliated with the

applicant and who is bound by a court-approved non-disclo-

sure agreement to participate in the seizure if the court

determines that the participation of the expert will aid

the efficient execution of and minimize the burden of the

seizure.

‘‘(F) S

EIZURE HEARING

.—

‘‘(i) D

ATE

.—A court that issues a seizure order

shall hold a hearing on the date set by the court

under subparagraph (B)(v).

‘‘(ii) B

URDEN OF PROOF

.—At a hearing held under

this subparagraph, the party who obtained the order

under subparagraph (A) shall have the burden to prove

the facts supporting the findings of fact and conclusions

of law necessary to support the order. If the party

fails to meet that burden, the seizure order shall be

dissolved or modified appropriately.

‘‘(iii) D

ISSOLUTION OR MODIFICATION OF ORDER

.—

A party against whom the order has been issued or

any person harmed by the order may move the court

at any time to dissolve or modify the order after giving

notice to the party who obtained the order.

‘‘(iv) D

ISCOVERY TIME LIMITS

.—The court may

make such orders modifying the time limits for dis-

covery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as

may be necessary to prevent the frustration of the

purposes of a hearing under this subparagraph.

‘‘(G) A

CTION FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY WRONGFUL SEI

ZURE

.—A person who suffers damage by reason of a wrong-

ful or excessive seizure under this paragraph has a cause

of action against the applicant for the order under which

such seizure was made, and shall be entitled to the same

relief as is provided under section 34(d)(11) of the Trade-

mark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1116(d)(11)). The security

posted with the court under subparagraph (B)(vi) shall

not limit the recovery of third parties for damages.

‘‘(H) M

OTION FOR ENCRYPTION

.—A party or a person

who claims to have an interest in the subject matter seized

may make a motion at any time, which may be heard

ex parte, to encrypt any material seized or to be seized

under this paragraph that is stored on a storage medium.

The motion shall include, when possible, the desired

encryption method.

‘‘(3) R

EMEDIES

.—In a civil action brought under this sub-

section with respect to the misappropriation of a trade secret,

a court may—

‘‘(A) grant an injunction—

‘‘(i) to prevent any actual or threatened misappro-

priation described in paragraph (1) on such terms as

the court deems reasonable, provided the order does

not—

Determination.

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130 STAT. 380 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

‘‘(I) prevent a person from entering into an

employment relationship, and that conditions

placed on such employment shall be based on evi-

dence of threatened misappropriation and not

merely on the information the person knows; or

‘‘(II) otherwise conflict with an applicable

State law prohibiting restraints on the practice

of a lawful profession, trade, or business;

‘‘(ii) if determined appropriate by the court,

requiring affirmative actions to be taken to protect

the trade secret; and

‘‘(iii) in exceptional circumstances that render an

injunction inequitable, that conditions future use of

the trade secret upon payment of a reasonable royalty

for no longer than the period of time for which such

use could have been prohibited;

‘‘(B) award—

‘‘(i)(I) damages for actual loss caused by the mis-

appropriation of the trade secret; and

‘‘(II) damages for any unjust enrichment caused

by the misappropriation of the trade secret that is

not addressed in computing damages for actual loss;

‘‘(ii) in lieu of damages measured by any other

methods, the damages caused by the misappropriation

measured by imposition of liability for a reasonable

royalty for the misappropriator’s unauthorized disclo-

sure or use of the trade secret;

‘‘(C) if the trade secret is willfully and maliciously

misappropriated, award exemplary damages in an amount

not more than 2 times the amount of the damages awarded

under subparagraph (B); and

‘‘(D) if a claim of the misappropriation is made in

bad faith, which may be established by circumstantial evi-

dence, a motion to terminate an injunction is made or

opposed in bad faith, or the trade secret was willfully

and maliciously misappropriated, award reasonable attor-

ney’s fees to the prevailing party.

‘‘(c) J

URISDICTION

.—The district courts of the United States

shall have original jurisdiction of civil actions brought under this

section.

‘‘(d) P

ERIOD OF

IMITATIONS

.—A civil action under subsection

(b) may not be commenced later than 3 years after the date on

which the misappropriation with respect to which the action would

relate is discovered or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should

have been discovered. For purposes of this subsection, a continuing

misappropriation constitutes a single claim of misappropriation.’’.

(b) D

EFINITIONS

.—Section 1839 of title 18, United States Code,

is amended—

(1) in paragraph (3)—

(A) in subparagraph (B), by striking ‘‘the public’’ and

inserting ‘‘another person who can obtain economic value

from the disclosure or use of the information’’; and

(B) by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end;

(2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end

and inserting a semicolon; and

(3) by adding at the end the following:

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130 STAT. 381 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

‘‘(5) the term ‘misappropriation’ means—

‘‘(A) acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person

who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret

was acquired by improper means; or

‘‘(B) disclosure or use of a trade secret of another

without express or implied consent by a person who—

‘‘(i) used improper means to acquire knowledge

of the trade secret;

‘‘(ii) at the time of disclosure or use, knew or

had reason to know that the knowledge of the trade

secret was—

‘‘(I) derived from or through a person who

had used improper means to acquire the trade

secret;

‘‘(II) acquired under circumstances giving rise

to a duty to maintain the secrecy of the trade

secret or limit the use of the trade secret; or

‘‘(III) derived from or through a person who

owed a duty to the person seeking relief to main-

tain the secrecy of the trade secret or limit the

use of the trade secret; or

‘‘(iii) before a material change of the position of

the person, knew or had reason to know that—

‘‘(I) the trade secret was a trade secret; and

‘‘(II) knowledge of the trade secret had been

acquired by accident or mistake;

‘‘(6) the term ‘improper means’—

‘‘(A) includes theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach

or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy,

or espionage through electronic or other means; and

‘‘(B) does not include reverse engineering, independent

derivation, or any other lawful means of acquisition; and

‘‘(7) the term ‘Trademark Act of 1946’ means the Act enti-

tled ‘An Act to provide for the registration and protection of

trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions of

certain international conventions, and for other purposes,

approved July 5, 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.) (commonly

referred to as the ‘‘Trademark Act of 1946’’ or the ‘‘Lanham

Act’’)’.’’.

XCEPTIONS TO

ROHIBITION

.—Section 1833 of title 18,

United States Code, is amended, in the matter preceding paragraph

(1), by inserting ‘‘or create a private right of action for’’ after

‘‘prohibit’’.

(d) C

ONFORMING

MENDMENTS

.—

(1) The section heading for section 1836 of title 18, United

States Code, is amended to read as follows:

‘‘§ 1836. Civil proceedings’’.

(2) The table of sections for chapter 90 of title 18, United

States Code, is amended by striking the item relating to section

1836 and inserting the following:

‘‘1836. Civil proceedings.’’.

(e) E

FFECTIVE

ATE

.—The amendments made by this section

shall apply with respect to any misappropriation of a trade secret

(as defined in section 1839 of title 18, United States Code, as

Applicability.

18 USC 1833

note.

18 USC 1831

prec.

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130 STAT. 382 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

amended by this section) for which any act occurs on or after

the date of the enactment of this Act.

(f) R

ULE OF

ONSTRUCTION

.—Nothing in the amendments made

by this section shall be construed to modify the rule of construction

under section 1838 of title 18, United States Code, or to preempt

any other provision of law.

(g) A

PPLICABILITY TO

THER

AWS

.—This section and the

amendments made by this section shall not be construed to be

a law pertaining to intellectual property for purposes of any other

Act of Congress.

SEC. 3. TRADE SECRET THEFT ENFORCEMENT.

(a) I

ENERAL

.—Chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code,

is amended—

(1) in section 1832(b), by striking ‘‘$5,000,000’’ and inserting

‘‘the greater of $5,000,000 or 3 times the value of the stolen

trade secret to the organization, including expenses for research

and design and other costs of reproducing the trade secret

that the organization has thereby avoided’’; and

(2) in section 1835—

(A) by striking ‘‘In any prosecution’’ and inserting the

following:

‘‘(a) I

ENERAL

.—In any prosecution’’; and

(B) by adding at the end the following:

‘‘(b) R

IGHTS OF

RADE

ECRET

WNERS

.—The court may not

authorize or direct the disclosure of any information the owner

asserts to be a trade secret unless the court allows the owner

the opportunity to file a submission under seal that describes the

interest of the owner in keeping the information confidential. No

submission under seal made under this subsection may be used

in a prosecution under this chapter for any purpose other than

those set forth in this section, or otherwise required by law. The

provision of information relating to a trade secret to the United

States or the court in connection with a prosecution under this

chapter shall not constitute a waiver of trade secret protection,

and the disclosure of information relating to a trade secret in

connection with a prosecution under this chapter shall not constitute

a waiver of trade secret protection unless the trade secret owner

expressly consents to such waiver.’’.

(b) RICO P

REDICATE

FFENSES

.—Section 1961(1) of title 18,

United States Code, is amended by inserting ‘‘sections 1831 and

1832 (relating to economic espionage and theft of trade secrets),’’

before ‘‘section 1951’’.

SEC. 4. REPORT ON THEFT OF TRADE SECRETS OCCURRING ABROAD.

(a) D

EFINITIONS

.—In this section:

(1) D

IRECTOR

.—The term ‘‘Director’’ means the Under Sec-

retary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of

the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

(2) F

OREIGN INSTRUMENTALITY

ETC

.—The terms ‘‘foreign

instrumentality’’, ‘‘foreign agent’’, and ‘‘trade secret’’ have the

meanings given those terms in section 1839 of title 18, United

States Code.

(3) S

TATE

.—The term ‘‘State’’ includes the District of

Columbia and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of

the United States.

18 USC 1832

note.

18 USC 1833

note.

18 USC 1833

note.

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130 STAT. 383 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

(4) U

NITED STATES COMPANY

.—The term ‘‘United States

company’’ means an organization organized under the laws

of the United States or a State or political subdivision thereof.

(b) R

EPORTS

.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment

of this Act, and biannually thereafter, the Attorney General, in

consultation with the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordi-

nator, the Director, and the heads of other appropriate agencies,

shall submit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the House

of Representatives and the Senate, and make publicly available

on the Web site of the Department of Justice and disseminate

to the public through such other means as the Attorney General

may identify, a report on the following:

(1) The scope and breadth of the theft of the trade secrets

of United States companies occurring outside of the United

States.

(2) The extent to which theft of trade secrets occurring

outside of the United States is sponsored by foreign govern-

ments, foreign instrumentalities, or foreign agents.

(3) The threat posed by theft of trade secrets occurring

outside of the United States.

(4) The ability and limitations of trade secret owners to

prevent the misappropriation of trade secrets outside of the

United States, to enforce any judgment against foreign entities

for theft of trade secrets, and to prevent imports based on

theft of trade secrets overseas.

(5) A breakdown of the trade secret protections afforded

United States companies by each country that is a trading

partner of the United States and enforcement efforts available

and undertaken in each such country, including a list identi-

fying specific countries where trade secret theft, laws, or

enforcement is a significant problem for United States compa-

nies.

(6) Instances of the Federal Government working with

foreign countries to investigate, arrest, and prosecute entities

and individuals involved in the theft of trade secrets outside

of the United States.

(7) Specific progress made under trade agreements and

treaties, including any new remedies enacted by foreign coun-

tries, to protect against theft of trade secrets of United States

companies outside of the United States.

(8) Recommendations of legislative and executive branch

actions that may be undertaken to—

(A) reduce the threat of and economic impact caused

by the theft of the trade secrets of United States companies

occurring outside of the United States;

(B) educate United States companies regarding the

threats to their trade secrets when taken outside of the

United States;

reduce the risk of loss of their trade secrets when taken

outside of the United States; and

(D) provide a mechanism for United States companies

to confidentially or anonymously report the theft of trade

secrets occurring outside of the United States.

SEC. 5. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

It is the sense of Congress that—

Recommenda-

tions.

Consultation.

Public

information.

Web posting.

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130 STAT. 384 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

(1) trade secret theft occurs in the United States and

around the world;

(2) trade secret theft, wherever it occurs, harms the compa-

nies that own the trade secrets and the employees of the

companies;

(3) chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code (commonly

known as the ‘‘Economic Espionage Act of 1996’’), applies

broadly to protect trade secrets from theft; and

(4) it is important when seizing information to balance

the need to prevent or remedy misappropriation with the need

to avoid interrupting the—

(A) business of third parties; and

(B) legitimate interests of the party accused of wrong-

doing.

SEC. 6. BEST PRACTICES.

(a) I

ENERAL

.—Not later than 2 years after the date of

enactment of this Act, the Federal Judicial Center, using existing

resources, shall develop recommended best practices for—

(1) the seizure of information and media storing the

information; and

(2) the securing of the information and media once seized.

(b) U

PDATES

.—The Federal Judicial Center shall update the

recommended best practices developed under subsection (a) from

time to time.

ONGRESSIONAL

UBMISSIONS

.—The Federal Judicial Center

shall provide a copy of the recommendations developed under sub-

section (a), and any updates made under subsection (b), to the—

(1) Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and

(2) Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representa-

tives.

SEC. 7. IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY FOR CONFIDENTIAL DISCLOSURE

OF A TRADE SECRET TO THE GOVERNMENT OR IN A COURT

FILING.

(a) A

MENDMENT

.—Section 1833 of title 18, United States Code,

is amended—

(1) by striking ‘‘This chapter’’ and inserting ‘‘(a) I

ERAL

.—This chapter’’;

(2) in subsection (a)(2), as designated by paragraph (1),

by striking ‘‘the reporting of a suspected violation of law to

any governmental entity of the United States, a State, or a

political subdivision of a State, if such entity has lawful

authority with respect to that violation’’ and inserting ‘‘the

disclosure of a trade secret in accordance with subsection (b)’’;

and

(3) by adding at the end the following:

‘‘(b) I

MMUNITY

ROM

IABILITY FOR

ONFIDENTIAL

ISCLOSURE

OF A

RADE

ECRET TO THE

OVERNMENT OR IN A

OURT

ILING

.—

‘‘(1) I

MMUNITY

.—An individual shall not be held criminally

or civilly liable under any Federal or State trade secret law

for the disclosure of a trade secret that—

‘‘(A) is made—

‘‘(i) in confidence to a Federal, State, or local

government official, either directly or indirectly, or to

an attorney; and

‘‘(ii) solely for the purpose of reporting or inves-

tigating a suspected violation of law; or

Records.

Deadline.

28 USC 620 note.

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130 STAT. 385 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

‘‘(B) is made in a complaint or other document filed

in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made

under seal.

‘‘(2) U

SE OF TRADE SECRET INFORMATION IN ANTI

RETALIA

TION LAWSUIT

.—An individual who files a lawsuit for retaliation

by an employer for reporting a suspected violation of law may

disclose the trade secret to the attorney of the individual and

use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if

the individual—

‘‘(A) files any document containing the trade secret

under seal; and

‘‘(B) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant

to court order.

‘‘(3) N

OTICE

.—

‘‘(A) I

N GENERAL

.—An employer shall provide notice

of the immunity set forth in this subsection in any contract

or agreement with an employee that governs the use of

a trade secret or other confidential information.

‘‘(B) P

OLICY DOCUMENT

.—An employer shall be consid-

ered to be in compliance with the notice requirement in

subparagraph (A) if the employer provides a cross-reference

to a policy document provided to the employee that sets

forth the employer’s reporting policy for a suspected viola-

tion of law.

‘‘(C) N

COMPLIANCE

.—If an employer does not

comply with the notice requirement in subparagraph (A),

the employer may not be awarded exemplary damages

or attorney fees under subparagraph (C) or (D) of section

1836(b)(3) in an action against an employee to whom notice

was not provided.

‘‘(D) A

PPLICABILITY

.—This paragraph shall apply to

contracts and agreements that are entered into or updated

after the date of enactment of this subsection.

‘‘(4) E

MPLOYEE DEFINED

.—For purposes of this subsection,

the term ‘employee’ includes any individual performing work

as a contractor or consultant for an employer.

‘‘(5) R

ULE OF CONSTRUCTION

.—Except as expressly provided

for under this subsection, nothing in this subsection shall be

construed to authorize, or limit liability for, an act that is

otherwise prohibited by law, such as the unlawful access of

material by unauthorized means.’’.

(b) T

ECHNICAL AND

ONFORMING

MENDMENT

.—Section 1838

of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking ‘‘This

Contracts.

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130 STAT. 386 PUBLIC LAW 114–153—MAY 11, 2016

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—S. 1890:

HOUSE REPORTS: No. 114–529 (Comm. on the Judiciary).

SENATE REPORTS: No. 114–220 (Comm. on the Judiciary).

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 162 (2016):

Apr. 4, considered and passed Senate.

Apr. 27, considered and passed House.

DAILY COMPILATION OF PRESIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS (2016):

May 11, Presidential remarks.

chapter’’ and inserting ‘‘Except as provided in section 1833(b), this

chapter’’.

Approved May 11, 2016.

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